In this work we explore the use of infrared deflectometry in the case of dynamic vibration measurements. This work also aims to provide a comparison of the performances and implementations of visible and infrared deflectometry with measurements conducted on a laboratory test case, a cantilever aluminium beam under impact excitation. The results obtained show that both visible and infrared deflectometry enable measurements with different time and space resolutions, and that infrared deflectometry can be effectively used to perform full-field vibration measurements on an unprepared surface. It could be simply summarized that both techniques have interesting features, and what is earned with one of these techniques is lost on the other. In fact, even if the cameras used for visible and infrared deflectometry techniques have different technical features that directly influence reachable time and space scales, a key advantage is that established methods and algorithms for images post-processing are identical between visible and infrared deflectometry. This practically broadens the range of materials and surfaces that can be tested using the deflectometry technique. The extension of this technique to curved structures is also under consideration, which should provide another additional support to a greater use of deflectometry. With the increasing performance of visible and infrared high-speed cameras combined with their decreasing cost, the measurement of space- and time-resolved experimental data using the non-contact optical deflectometry techniques opens interesting perspectives.
The integration of thermal infrared (TIR) hyperspectral systems into Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) platforms is expected to open doors toward a wide variety of demanding thermal imaging applications ranging from academics and research to industry. Currently, the UAV remote sensing technology in TIR region is still in its infancy and the main expectations are the reduction of both, sensor sizes and cost while maintaining their performances at a high level.
In this communication, we report on Telops newly designed compact, light and robust TIR hyperspectral module of less than 10 kg with about 50W of power consumption. The new module can be integrated into a complete stand-alone imager with applications such as 360˚ Hyperspectral Surveillance. Integration in complete, highly flexible UAV based, infrared hyperspectral imaging solutions, such as airborne real-time gas detection, identification and quantification is also possible.
The need for a reliable and cost-efficient gas detection system is of prime importance especially when security threatening situations like gas leaks and emissions occur. The knowledge of the precise localization of the leaks, identification of the chemical nature of the gases involved and quantification of the gas flux emanating from the leaks are the crucial inputs needed for the incident response team to take actions based on relevant information. In this regard, UAVs based TIR remote sensing technology offers many benefits over traditional gas detection systems as it allows safely monitoring and imaging of large areas. The sensor can fly several hundreds of meters above the scene, avoiding the need to access restricted and potentially dangerous zones in the installations.
Beside the newly designed compact and light TIR hyperspectral module, Telops have also developed solutions for gas detection and identification along with some tools for the quantification of gas flow rates emanating for leak source. These solutions were recently demonstrated during a flight campaign up to 4600 feet above the ground for detection and identification of ethylene, methanol and acetone gas release experiment. The Fourier transform technology used in our hyperspectral imaging systems on an airborne platform allows recording of airborne hyperspectral data using mapping and targeting modes. These two acquisition modes were used for gas detection and real time quantitative airborne chemical images of the three gas clouds were obtained paving the path toward a viable solution for gas leak surveys and environmental monitoring.
Gas leaks and air pollution sources present to a certain extend health, safety and environmental risks. A history of crisis management in the Upstream has shown the value of efficient and accurate tools for detecting gas leakages and/or the characterization air pollution agents. Knowing about the existence of a leak or the existence of an environmental thread is not always enough to launch a corrective action. Additional critical inputs such as the leak source, the chemical nature of the gas cloud, its direction and speed and as well as the gas concentration must most of the time be gathered in a short amount of time to help securing the hazardous areas. Most of the time gas identification for gas leaks surveys or environmental monitoring purposes involve explosives and/or toxic chemicals. In such situations, airborne measurements present particular advantages over ground based-techniques since large areas can be covered efficiently from a safe distance. In this work, we present our recent results on real time airborne gas detection up to 4600 feet above the ground using thermal hyperspectral Imaging technology. The Fourier transform technology used in the longwave (8-12 micron) hyperspectral camera on an airborne platform allows recording of airborne hyperspectral data using mapping and targeting modes. These two acquisition modes were used for gas imaging a ground-based ethylene, Methanol and acetone gas release experiment. Real time quantitative airborne chemical images of the three gas clouds were obtained paving the path toward a viable solution for gas leak surveys and environmental monitoring.
Heat transfers are involved in many phenomena such as friction, tensile stress, shear stress and material rupture. Among
the challenges encountered during the characterization of such thermal patterns is the need for both high spatial and
temporal resolution. Infrared imaging provides information about surface temperature that can be attributed to the stress
response of the material and breaking of chemical bounds. In order to illustrate this concept, tensile and shear tests were
carried out on steel, aluminum and carbon fiber composite materials and monitored using high-speed (Telops FASTM2K)
and high-definition (Telops HD-IR) infrared imaging. Results from split-Hopkinson experiments carried out on a
polymer material at high strain-rate are also presented. The results illustrate how high-speed and high-definition infrared
imaging in the midwave infrared (MWIR, 3 – 5 μm) spectral range can provide detailed information about the thermal
properties of materials undergoing mechanical testing.
There are many types of natural gas fields including shale formations that are common especially in the St-Lawrence Valley (Canada). Since methane (CH4), the major component of shale gas, is odorless, colorless and highly flammable, in addition to being a greenhouse gas, methane emanations and/or leaks are important to consider for both safety and environmental reasons. Telops recently launched on the market the Hyper-Cam Methane, a field-deployable thermal infrared hyperspectral camera specially tuned for detecting methane infrared spectral features under ambient conditions and over large distances. In order to illustrate the benefits of this novel research instrument for natural gas imaging, the instrument was brought on a site where shale gas leaks unexpectedly happened during a geological survey near the Enfant-Jesus hospital in Quebec City, Canada, during December 2014. Quantitative methane imaging was carried out based on methane’s unique infrared spectral signature. Optical flow analysis was also carried out on the data to estimate the methane mass flow rate. The results show how this novel technique could be used for advanced research on shale gases.
Heat transfers are involved in many phenomena such as friction, tensile stress, shear stress and material rupture. Among the challenges encountered during the characterization of such thermal patterns is the need for both high spatial and temporal resolution. Infrared imaging provides information about surface temperature that can be attributed to the stress response of the material and breaking of chemical bounds. In order to illustrate this concept, tensile and shear tests were carried out on steel, aluminum and carbon fiber composite materials and monitored using high-speed (Telops FAST-M2K) and high-definition (Telops HD-IR) infrared imaging. Results from split-Hopkinson experiments carried out on a polymer material at high strain-rate are also presented. The results illustrate how high-speed and high-definition infrared imaging in the midwave infrared (MWIR, 3 – 5 μm) spectral range can provide detailed information about the thermal properties of materials undergoing mechanical testing.
There are many types of natural gas fields including shale formations that are common especially in the St-Lawrence Valley (Canada). Since methane (CH4), the major component of shale gas, is odorless, colorless and highly flammable, in addition to being a greenhouse gas, methane emanations and/or leaks are important to consider for both safety and environmental reasons. Telops recently launched on the market the Hyper-Cam Methane, a field-deployable thermal infrared hyperspectral camera specially tuned for detecting methane infrared spectral features under ambient conditions and over large distances. In order to illustrate the benefits of this novel research instrument for natural gas imaging, the instrument was brought on a site where shale gas leaks unexpectedly happened during a geological survey near the EnfantJesus hospital in Quebec City, Canada, during December 2014. Quantitative methane imaging was carried out based on methane’s unique infrared spectral signature. Optical flow analysis was also carried out on the data to estimate the methane mass flow rate. The results show how this novel technique could be used for advanced research on shale gases.
Optical fiber lasers offers the advantage of being relatively compact and efficient. However, the materials such as fluoride
and chalcogenide glasses used for their fabrication must be exempt of defects in order to make efficient laser systems.
However, most existing quality control techniques are not compatible with chalcogenide fibers because of their limited
transparency in the visible spectral range. For this reason, the Université Laval’s Centre d’optique, photonique et laser
(COPL), in Quebec City, Canada, has developed a novel non-destructive testing (NDT) methodology based on infrared
imaging to address this problem. The results show how this simple screening technique eases the selection of high-quality
fibers for the design of high-power mid-IR lasers.
Characterization of ship plumes is very challenging due to the great variety of ships, fuel, and fuel grades, as well as the extent of a gas plume. In this work, imaging of ship plumes from an operating ferry boat was carried out using standoff midwave (3-5 μm) infrared hyperspectral imaging. Quantitative chemical imaging of combustion gases was achieved by fitting a radiative transfer model. Combustion efficiency maps and mass flow rates are presented for carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The results illustrate how valuable information about the combustion process of a ship engine can be successfully obtained using passive hyperspectral remote sensing imaging.
Optical fiber lasers offers the advantage of being relatively compact and efficient. However, the materials such as fluoride and chalcogenide glasses used for their fabrication must be exempt of defects in order to make efficient laser systems. However, most existing quality control techniques are not compatible with chalcogenide fibers because of their limited transparency in the visible spectral range. For this reason, the Université Laval's Centre d'optique, photonique et laser (COPL), in Quebec City, Canada, has developed a novel non-destructive testing (NDT) methodology based on infrared imaging to address this problem. The results show how this simple screening technique eases the selection of high-quality fibers for the design of high-power mid-IR lasers.
Characterization of ship plumes is very challenging due to the great variety of ships, fuel, and fuel grades, as well as the extent of a gas plume. In this work, imaging of ship plumes from an operating ferry boat was carried out using standoff midwave (3-5 μm) infrared hyperspectral imaging. Quantitative chemical imaging of combustion gases was achieved by fitting a radiative transfer model. Combustion efficiency maps and mass flow rates are presented for carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The results illustrate how valuable information about the combustion process of a ship engine can be successfully obtained using passive hyperspectral remote sensing imaging.
Thermal infrared imaging is a field of science that evolves rapidly. Scientists have used for years the simplest tool: thermal
broadband cameras. These allow to perform target characterization in both the longwave (LWIR) and midwave (MWIR)
infrared spectral range. Infrared thermal imaging is used for a wide range of applications, especially in the combustion
domain. For example, it can be used to follow combustion reactions, in order to characterize the injection and the ignition
in a combustion chamber or even to observe gases produced by a flare or smokestack. Most combustion gases, such as
carbon dioxide (CO2), selectively absorb/emit infrared radiation at discrete energies, i.e. over a very narrow spectral range.
Therefore, temperatures derived from broadband imaging are not reliable without prior knowledge of spectral emissivity.
This information is not directly available from broadband images. However, spectral information is available using spectral
filters. In this work, combustion analysis was carried out using a Telops MS-IR MW camera, which allows multispectral
imaging at a high frame rate. A motorized filter wheel allowing synchronized acquisitions on eight (8) different channels
was used to provide time-resolved multispectral imaging of combustion products of a candle in which black powder has
been burnt to create a burst. It was then possible to estimate the temperature by modeling spectral profiles derived from
information obtained with the different spectral filters. Comparison with temperatures obtained using conventional
broadband imaging illustrates the benefits of time-resolved multispectral imaging for the characterization of combustion
processes.
Characterization of hazardous lands using ground-based techniques can be very challenging. For this reason, airborne
surveys are often preferred. The use of thermal infrared imaging represents an interesting approach as surveys can be
carried out under various illumination conditions and that the presence of buried objects typically modifies the thermal
inertia of their surroundings. In addition, the burial or presence of a buried object will modify the particle size, texture,
moisture and mineral content of a small region around it. All these parameters may lead to emissivity contrasts which will
make thermal contrast interpretation very challenging. In order to illustrate the potential of airborne thermal infrared
hyperspectral imaging for buried object characterization, various metallic objects were buried in a test site prior to an
airborne survey. Airborne hyperspectral images were recorded using the targeting acquisition mode, a unique feature of
the Telops Hyper-Cam Airborne system which allows recording of successive maps of the same ground area. Temperatureemissivity
separation (TES) was carried out on the hyperspectral map obtained upon scene averaging. The thermodynamic
temperature map estimated after TES highlights the presence of hot spots within the investigated area. Mineral mapping
was carried out upon linear unmixing of the spectral emissivity datacube obtained after TES. The results show how the
combination of thermal information and mineral distribution leads to a better characterization of test sites containing buried
objects.
Over the past two years we have developed a new approach for detecting and identifying the presence of liquid chemical contamination on surfaces using hyperspectral imaging data. This work requires an algorithm for unmixing the data to separate the liquid contamination component of the data from all other possible spectral effects, such as the illumination and reflectance spectra of the pure background. The contamination components from S and P polarized reflectance data are then used to estimate the complex refractive index. We retain the index estimates within spectral windows chosen for each of a set of candidate contaminant materials based on their optical extinction. Spectral estimates within those windows are characteristic of the liquid material, and can be passed on to an algorithm for chemical detection and identification. The resulting algorithm is insensitive to the composition of the surface material, and requires no prior measurements of the uncontaminated surface. In a series of field tests, data from the Telops Hyper-Cam sensor were used to develop and validate our approach. We discuss our hyperspectral unmixing and index estimation approaches, and show results from tests conducted at the Telops facility in Québec under a contract with the U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center.
Characterization of hazardous lands using ground-based techniques can be very challenging. For this reason, airborne surveys are often preferred. The use of thermal infrared imaging represents an interesting approach as surveys can be carried out under various illumination conditions and that the presence of buried objects typically modifies the thermal inertia of their surroundings. In addition, the burial or presence of a buried object will modify the particle size, texture, moisture and mineral content of a small region around it. All these parameters may lead to emissivity contrasts which will make thermal contrast interpretation very challenging. In order to illustrate the potential of airborne thermal infrared hyperspectral imaging for buried object characterization, various metallic objects were buried in a test site prior to an airborne survey. Airborne hyperspectral images were recorded using the targeting acquisition mode, a unique feature of the Telops Hyper-Cam Airborne system which allows recording of successive maps of the same ground area. Temperatureemissivity separation (TES) was carried out on the hyperspectral map obtained upon scene averaging. The thermodynamic temperature map estimated after TES highlights the presence of hot spots within the investigated area. Mineral mapping was carried out upon linear unmixing of the spectral emissivity datacube obtained after TES. The results show how the combination of thermal information and mineral distribution leads to a better characterization of test sites containing buried objects.
Thermal infrared imaging is a field of science that evolves rapidly. Scientists have used for years the simplest tool: thermal broadband cameras. This allows to perform target characterization in both the longwave (LWIR) and midwave (MWIR) infrared spectral range. Infrared thermal imaging is used for a wide range of applications, especially in the combustion domain. For example, it can be used to follow combustion reactions, in order to characterize the injection and the ignition in a combustion chamber or even to observe gases produced by a flare or smokestack. Most combustion gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) selectively absorb/emit infrared radiation at discrete energies, i.e. over a very narrow spectral range. Therefore, temperatures derived from broadband imaging are not reliable without prior knowledge about spectral emissivity. This information is not directly available from broadband images. However, spectral information is available using spectral filters. In this work, combustion analysis was carried out using Telops MS-IR MW camera which allows multispectral imaging at a high frame rate. A motorized filter wheel allowing synchronized acquisitions on eight (8) different channels was used to provide time-resolved multispectral imaging of combustion products of a candle in which black powder has been burnt to create a burst. It was then possible to estimate the temperature by modeling spectral profile derived from information obtained with the different spectral filters. Comparison with temperatures obtained using conventional broadband imaging illustrates the benefits of time-resolved multispectral imaging for the characterization of combustion processes.
For years, scientists have used thermal broadband cameras to perform target characterization in the longwave (LWIR)
and midwave (MWIR) infrared spectral bands. The analysis of broadband imaging sequences typically provides energy,
morphological and/or spatiotemporal information. However, there is very little information about the chemical nature of
the investigated targets when using such systems due to the lack of spectral content in the images. In order to improve
the outcomes of these studies, Telops has developed dynamic multispectral imaging systems which allow synchronized
acquisition on 8 channels, at a high frame rate, using a motorized filter wheel. An overview of the technology is
presented in this work as well as results from measurements of solvent vapors and minerals. Time-resolved multispectral
imaging carried out with the Telops system illustrates the benefits of spectral information obtained at a high frame rate
when facing situations involving dynamic events such as gas cloud dispersion. Comparison of the results obtained using
the information from the different acquisition channels with the corresponding broadband infrared images illustrates the
selectivity enabled by multispectral imaging for characterization of gas and solid targets.
Characterization of gas clouds are challenging situations to address due to the large and uneven distribution of these fast
moving entities. Whether gas characterization is carried out for gas leaks surveys or environmental monitoring purposes,
explosives and/or toxic chemicals are often involved. In such situations, airborne measurements present distinct
advantages over ground based-techniques since large areas can be covered efficiently from a safe distance. In order to
illustrate the potential of airborne thermal infrared hyperspectral imaging for gas cloud characterization, measurements
were carried out above smokestacks and a ground-based gas release experiment. Quantitative airborne chemical images
of carbon monoxide (CO) and ethylene (C2H4) were obtained from measurements carried out using a midwave (MWIR,
3-5 μm) and a longwave (LWIR, 8-12 μm) airborne infrared hyperspectral sensor respectively. Scattering effects were
observed in the MWIR experiments on smokestacks as a result of water condensation upon rapid cool down of the hot
emission gases. Airborne measurements were carried out using both mapping and targeting acquisition modes. The later
provides unique time-dependent information such as the gas cloud direction and velocity.
Characterization of gas clouds are challenging situations to address due to the large and uneven distribution of these fast moving entities. Whether gas characterization is carried out for gas leaks surveys or environmental monitoring purposes, explosives and/or toxic chemicals are often involved. In such situations, airborne measurements present distinct advantages over ground based-techniques since large areas can be covered efficiently from a safe distance. In order to illustrate the potential of airborne thermal infrared hyperspectral imaging for gas cloud characterization, measurements were carried out above smokestacks and a ground-based gas release experiment. Quantitative airborne chemical images of carbon monoxide (CO) and ethylene (C2H4) were obtained from measurements carried out using a midwave (MWIR, 3-5 m) and a longwave (LWIR, 8-12 m) airborne infrared hyperspectral sensor respectively. Scattering effects were observed in the MWIR experiments on smokestacks as a result of water condensation upon rapid cool down of the hot emission gases. Airborne measurements were carried out using both mapping and targeting acquisition modes. The later provides unique time-dependent information such as the gas cloud direction and velocity.
For years, scientists have used thermal broadband cameras to perform target characterization in the longwave (LWIR)
and midwave (MWIR) infrared spectral bands. The analysis of broadband imaging sequences typically provides energy,
morphological and/or spatiotemporal information. However, there is very little information about the chemical nature of
the investigated targets when using such systems due to the lack of spectral content in the images. In order to improve
the outcomes of these studies, Telops has developed dynamic multispectral imaging systems which allow synchronized
acquisition on 8 channels, at a high frame rate, using a motorized filter wheel. An overview of the technology is
presented in this work as well as results from measurements of solvent vapors and minerals. Time-resolved multispectral
imaging carried out with the Telops system illustrates the benefits of spectral information obtained at a high frame rate
when facing situations involving dynamic events such as gas cloud dispersion. Comparison of the results obtained using
the information from the different acquisition channels with the corresponding broadband infrared images illustrates the
selectivity enabled by multispectral imaging for characterization of gas and solid targets.
For years, scientists have been using broadband cameras to perform measurements in the infrared spectral bands. In order to improve the outcomes of these studies, Telops has developed a fast multispectral imaging system in the LWIR and MWIR band.
This paper presents the improvement that a fast infrared multispectral imager adds to the traditional infrared investigations and how this system can be applied in defence innovation research. An overview over the technology is presented and discussed along the results obtained during a combustion experiment.
KEYWORDS: High dynamic range imaging, Cameras, Temperature metrology, Signal to noise ratio, Image quality, Calibration, Mid-IR, Nonuniformity corrections, Imaging systems, Infrared cameras
One of the biggest and challenging limitations of infrared cameras in surveillance applications is the limited dynamic range. Image blooming and other artifacts may hide important details in the scene when saturation occurs. Many different techniques such as using multiple exposure times have been developed in the past to help overcome these issues. However all these techniques feature non-negligible limitations. This paper presents a new high-dynamic range algorithm called Optimized Enhanced High Dynamic Range Imaging (OEHDRI). It is based on a pixel-wise exposure-time independent calibration as well as a pixel based frame summing with proper interleaved integration times. This technique benefits from the use of a high frame rate camera (< 20,000 fps). Description of the hardware is also included.
Characterization of gas clouds are challenging situations to address due to the large and uneven distribution of these fast
moving entities. Whether gas characterization is carried out for gas leaks surveys or environmental monitoring purposes,
explosives and/or toxic chemicals are often involved. In such situations, airborne measurements present distinct
advantages over ground based-techniques since large areas can be covered efficiently from a safe distance. In order to
illustrate the potential of airborne thermal infrared hyperspectral imaging for gas cloud characterization, measurements
were carried out above smokestacks and a ground-based gas release experiment. Quantitative airborne chemical images
of carbon monoxide (CO) and ethylene (C2H4) were obtained from measurements carried out using a midwave (MWIR, 3-5 μm) and a longwave (LWIR, 8-12 μm) airborne infrared hyperspectral sensor respectively. Scattering effects were observed in the MWIR experiments on smokestacks as a result of water condensation upon rapid cool down of the hot emission gases. Airborne measurements were carried out using both mapping and targeting acquisition modes. The later
provides unique time-dependent information such as the gas cloud direction and velocity.
The requirements for soldier camouflage in the context of modern warfare are becoming more complex and challenging given the emergence of novel infrared sensors. There is a pressing need for the development of adapted fabrics and soldier camouflage devices to provide efficient camouflage in both the visible and infrared spectral ranges. The Military University of Technology has conducted an intensive project to develop new materials and fabrics to further improve the camouflage efficiency of soldiers. The developed materials shall feature visible and infrared properties that make these unique and adapted to various military context needs. This paper presents the details of an advanced measurement campaign of those unique materials where the correlation between multispectral and hyperspectral infrared measurements is performed.
Image uniformity and accurate radiometric calibration are key features of state-of-the-art infrared cameras. Over the past years several non-uniformity correction and radiometric calibration techniques have been developed. In this paper we present and compare different techniques: 2-point calibration, CNUC™/multipoint’s calibration and Telops’ Real-Time Image Processing (patent-pending). For each method we assess the performances, the ease of use, the advantages and drawbacks as well as the most important operational limitations considering a broad range of exposure times, ambient and scene temperatures.
High resolution broad-band imagery in the visible and infrared bands provides valuable detection capabilities based on
target shapes and temperatures. However, the spectral resolution provided by a hyperspectral imager adds a spectral
dimension to the measurements, which leads to an additional means of detecting and identifying targets based on their
spectral signature.
The Telops Hyper-Cam sensor is an interferometer-based imaging system that enables the spatial and spectral analysis of
targets using a single sensor. It is based on the Fourier-transform technology, which yields high spectral resolution and
enables a high accuracy radiometric calibration. It provides datacubes of up to 320×256 pixels at spectral resolutions as
fine as 0.25 cm-1. The LWIR version covers the 8.0 to 11.8 μm spectral range. The Hyper-Cam has been recently
integrated and flown on a novel airborne gyro-stabilized platform inside a fixed-wing aircraft.
The new platform, more compact and more advanced than its predecessor, is described in this paper. The first results of
target detection and identification are also presented.
The level of protection offered by a given ballistic material is typically evaluated in terms of a set of projectiles and their associated velocity at which a certain percentage of the projectiles are expected to perforate. (i.e. FSP 17gr : V50 = 500m/s, 9mm FMJ; V0=500m/s). These metrics give little information about the physical phenomena by which energy is dispersed, spread or absorbed in a specific target material. Aside from post-test inspection of the impacted material, additional information on the target response is traditionally obtained during a test from the use of high speed imaging, whether it is from a single camera aimed at the impact surface or the backface, or from a set of camera allowing full 3-D reconstruction of a deformed surface. Again, this kind of data may be difficult to interpret if the interest is in the way energy is managed in the target in real time. Recent technological progress in scientific grade high-speed infrared (IR) camera demonstrated that these phenomena can straightforwardly be measured using IR thermal imaging. This paper presents promising results obtained from Telops FAST-IR 1500 infrared camera on an aramid-based ballistic composite during an impact from a small caliber fragment simulating projectile (FSP).
Dust cloud combustion is unfortunately at risk in many working environments, jeopardizing several workers. The heat and shock waves resulting from the flame propagation into the dust cloud are harmful and lead to major endangerment or casualties. More precisely, dust cloud (small particles) explosions are even more malicious since they often result from ordinary materials such as coal, flour or pollen. Also, many metal powdered (such as aluminum oxide and magnesium) can form dangerous dust cloud when they are in suspensions in air. The understanding of this particular type of combustion is critical for the preventive care of sites and workers afflicted to such conditions. This paper presents the results of a dynamic flow analysis of metal particles combustion in a dust cloud. The ignition points, the flow rate as well as the propagation direction of the flow have been characterized using fast infrared imagery.
The requirements for soldier camouflage in the context of modern warfare are becoming more complex and challenging given the emergence of novel infrared sensors. There is a pressing need for the development of adapted fabrics and soldier camouflage devices to provide efficient camouflage in both the visible and infrared spectral ranges. The Military University of Technology has conducted an intensive project to develop new materials and fabrics to further improve the camouflage efficiency of soldiers. The developed materials shall feature visible and infrared properties that make these unique and adapted to various military context needs. This paper presents the details of an advanced measurement campaign of those unique materials where the correlation between multispectral and hyperspectral infrared measurements is performed.
Persistent surveillance and collection of airborne intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance information is critical in today’s warfare against terrorism. High resolution imagery in visible and infrared bands provides valuable detection capabilities based on target shapes and temperatures. However, the spectral resolution provided by a hyperspectral imager adds a spectral dimension to the measurements, leading to additional tools for detection and identification of targets, based on their spectral signature. The Telops Hyper-Cam sensor is an interferometer-based imaging system that enables the spatial and spectral analysis of targets using a single sensor. It is based on the Fourier-transform technology yielding high spectral resolution and enabling high accuracy radiometric calibration. It provides datacubes of up to 320×256 pixels at spectral resolutions as fine as 0.25 cm-1. The LWIR version covers the 8.0 to 11.8 μm spectral range. The Hyper-Cam has been recently used for the first time in two compact airborne platforms: a bellymounted gyro-stabilized platform and a gyro-stabilized gimbal ball. Both platforms are described in this paper, and successful results of high-altitude detection and identification of targets, including industrial plumes, and chemical spills are presented.
Water ingress in honeycomb structures is of great concern for the civil and military aerospace industries. Pressure and
temperature variations during take-off and landing produce considerable stress on aircraft structures, promoting moisture
ingress (by diffusion through fibers or by direct ingress through voids, cracks or unsealed joints) into the core. The
presence of water (or other fluids such as kerosene, hydraulic fluid and de-icing agents) in any of its forms (gas vapor,
liquid or ice) promotes corrosion, cell breakage, and induce composite layer delaminations and skin disbonds. In this
study, testing specimens were produced from unserviceable parts from military aircraft. In order to simulate atmospheric
conditions during landing, selected core areas were filled with measured quantities of water and then frozen in a cold
chamber. The specimens were then removed from the chamber and monitored for over 20 minutes as they warm up
using a cooled high-resolution infrared camera. Results have shown that detection and quantification of water ingress on
honeycomb sandwich structures by passive infrared thermography is possible using a HD mid-wave infrared cameras for
volumes of water as low as 0.2 ml and from a distance as far as 20 m from the target.
In today's electro-optic warfare era, it is more than vital for one nation's defense to possess the most advanced
measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT) capabilities. This is critical to gain a strategic advantage in the
planning of the military operations and deployments. The thermal infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum is a
key region that is exploited for infrared reconnaissance and surveillance missions. The Military University of
Technology has conducted an intensive measurement campaign of various soldier's camouflage devices in the scope of
building a database of infrared signatures. One of today's key technologies required to perform signature measurements
has become infrared hyperspectral and broadband/multispectral imaging sensors. The Telops Hyper-Cam LW product
represents a unique commercial offering with outstanding performances and versatility for the collection of hyperspectral
infrared images. The Hyper-Cam allows for the infrared imagery of a target (320 × 256 pixels) at a very high spectral
resolution (down to 0.25 cm-1). Moreover, the Military University of Technology has made use of a suite of scientific
grade commercial infrared cameras to further measure and assess the targets from a broadband/multispectral perspective.
The experiment concept and measurement results are presented in this paper.
Modern infrared camouflage and countermeasure technologies used in the context of military operations have evolved
rapidly over the last decade. Indeed, some infrared seekers and decoy/flares tend to have spectral sensitivity tailored to
closely match the emission signatures of military vehicles (such as aircrafts, tanks) and reject other sources. Similarly,
some candles (or smoke bombs) are developed to generate large area screens with very high absorption in the infrared.
The Military University of Technology has conducted an intensive field campaign where various types of flares and
smoke candles were deployed in different conditions and measured. The high spectral, spatial and temporal resolution
acquisition of these thermodynamic events was recorded with the Telops Hyper-Cam.
The Hyper-Cam enables simultaneous acquisition of spatial and spectral information at high resolutions in both domains.
The ability to study combustion systems with high resolution, co-registered imagery and spectral data is made possible.
This paper presents the test campaign concept and definition and the analysis of the recorded measurements.
The passive standoff monitoring of vapor precursors emanating from a location under surveillance can provide relevant
information on the nature of products fabrication. Defence Research & Development Canada Valcartier recently
completed the development and field-validation of a novel R&D prototype, MoDDIFS (Multi-option Differential
Detection and Imaging Fourier Spectrometer), to address this remote sensing application. The proposed methodology
combines the clutter suppression efficiency of the differential detection approach with the high spatial resolution
provided by the hyperspectral imaging approach. This consists of integrating a differential CATSI-type (Compact
ATmospheric Sounding Interferometer) sensor with the imaging capability of the Hyper-Cam infrared imager. The
MoDDIFS sensor includes two configuration options, one for remote gas detection, and the other for polarization
sensing of surface contaminants. This paper focuses on the infrared spectral detection of gases. A series of measurements
done with MoDDIFS on selected laboratory solvents in vapor form are analyzed and discussed.
Persistent surveillance and collection of airborne intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance information
is critical in today's warfare against terrorism. High resolution imagery in visible and infrared bands
provides valuable detection capabilities based on target shapes and temperatures. However, the spectral
resolution provided by a hyperspectral imager adds a spectral dimension to the measurements, leading to
additional tools for detection and identification of targets, based on their spectral signature. The Telops
Hyper-Cam sensor is an interferometer-based imaging system that enables the spatial and spectral analysis
of targets using a single sensor. It is based on the Fourier-transform technology yielding high spectral
resolution and enabling high accuracy radiometric calibration. It provides datacubes of up to 320×256
pixels at spectral resolutions as fine as 0.25 cm-1. The LWIR version covers the 8.0 to 11.8 μm spectral
range. The Hyper-Cam has been recently used for the first time in two compact airborne platforms: a belly-mounted
gyro-stabilized platform and a gyro-stabilized gimbal ball. Both platforms are described in this
paper, and successful results of high-altitude detection and identification of targets, including industrial
plumes, and chemical spills are presented.
The passive standoff detection of vapors from particular explosives and precursors emanating from a
location under surveillance can provide early detection and warning of illicit explosives fabrication. DRDC
Valcartier recently initiated the development and field-validation of a novel R&D prototype, MoDDIFS
(Multi-Option Differential and Imaging Fourier Spectrometer) to address this security vulnerability. The
proposed methodology combines the clutter suppression efficiency of the differential detection approach
with the high spatial resolution provided by the hyperspectral imaging approach. This consists of
integrating the imaging capability of the Hyper-Cam IR imager with a differential CATSI-type sensor. This
paper presents the MoDDIFS sensor methodology and the first investigation results that were recently
obtained.
There is growing interest in measuring gaseous emissions to understand their environmental impact. It is thus desired to
identify and quantify such emissions, ideally from standoff distances. AFIT and Telops have performed several field
experiments, using the Telops Hyper-Cam infrared hyperspectral imager to perform identification and quantification of
gaseous emissions from various pollution sources. Recent experiments have focused on turbulent gaseous emissions
from sources of great interest from the environmental protection community, such as emergency flares. It is important to
understand the flare emissions under varying operating conditions. This paper presents the first results of flare emission
measurements with the Hyper-Cam.
KEYWORDS: Calibration, Absorption, Spectral calibration, Apodization, Black bodies, Signal to noise ratio, Instrument modeling, Temperature metrology, Staring arrays, Fourier transforms
The Telops Hyper-Cam midwave (InSb 1.5-5.μm) imaging Fourier-transform spectrometer observed the plume from a coal-burning power plant smokestack. From a distance of 600 meters, the plume was captured on a 128×64 pixel sub-window of the focal-plane array with each pixel imaging a 19.5×19.5cm2 region. Asymmetric interferograms were collected with long side and short side maximal optical path differences of 2.4cm and 0.9cm, respectively. Interferograms were recorded for each scan direction. The plume was strongly emissive across 1800-3000cm-1, and raw spectra revealed emissions from CO2, CO, H2O, NO, SO2, and HCl. A complete description of the instrument calibration and lineshape modeling is presented, including a simple and computationally efficient method of averaging spectra from forward- and reverse-scan interferograms that avoids the need to model a complex instrument lineshape. A simple radiative
transfer model is developed to interpret the spectrum between 2565 ≤ ~ν ≤ 3000cm-1. Examination of the HCl spectrum demonstrates exceptional agreement between the data and an ideal instrument lineshape. For a pixel immediately above the stack exit, the plume temperature is estimated to be 399.6±0.6K with an SO2 concentration of 376±10ppmv, and these values agree well with in situ measurements of 407.0±0.2K and 383±2ppmv, respectively.
The Spectral and Polarimetric Imagery Collection Experiment (SPICE) is a collaborative effort between the US Army
ARDEC and ARL for the collection of mid-wave and long-wave infrared imagery using hyperspectral, polarimetric, and
broadband sensors.
The objective of the program is to collect a comprehensive database of the different modalities over the course of 1 to 2
years to capture sensor performance over a wide variety of adverse weather conditions, diurnal, and seasonal changes
inherent to Picatinny's northern New Jersey location.
Using the Precision Armament Laboratory (PAL) tower at Picatinny Arsenal, the sensors will autonomously collect the
desired data around the clock at different ranges where surrogate 2S3 Self-Propelled Howitzer targets are positioned at
different viewing perspectives at 549 and 1280m from the sensor location. The collected database will allow for: 1)
Understand of signature variability under the different weather conditions; 2) Development of robust algorithms; 3)
Development of new sensors; 4) Evaluation of hyperspectral and polarimetric technologies; and 5) Evaluation of fusing
the different sensor modalities.
In this paper, we will present the SPICE data collection objectives, the ongoing effort, the sensors that are currently
deployed, and how this work will assist researches on the development and evaluation of sensors, algorithms, and fusion
applications.
Airborne hyperspectral ground mapping is being used in an ever-increasing extent for numerous
applications in the military, geology and environmental fields. The different regions of the
electromagnetic spectrum help produce information of differing nature. The visible, near-infrared and
short-wave infrared radiation (400 nm to 2.5 μm) has been mostly used to analyze reflected solar light,
while the mid-wave (3 to 5 μm) and long-wave (8 to 12 μm or thermal) infrared senses the self-emission
of molecules directly, enabling the acquisition of data during night time.
The Telops Hyper-Cam is a rugged and compact infrared hyperspectral imager based on the Fourier-transform
technology. It has been used on the ground in several field campaigns, including the
demonstration of standoff chemical agent detection. More recently, the Hyper-Cam has been integrated
into an airplane to provide airborne measurement capabilities. The technology offers fine spectral
resolution (up to 0.25 cm-1) and high accuracy radiometric calibration (better than 1 degree Celsius).
Furthermore, the spectral resolution, spatial resolution, swath width, integration time and sensitivity are
all flexible parameters that can be selected and optimized to best address the specific objectives of each
mission.
The system performance and a few measurements have been presented in previous publications. This
paper focuses on analyzing additional measurements in which detection of fertilizer and Freon gas has
been demonstrated.
DRDC Valcartier recently completed the development of the CATSI EDM (Compact Atmospheric Sounding
Interferometer Engineering Development Model) for the Canadian Forces (CF). It is a militarized sensor designed to
meet the needs of the CF in the development of area surveillance capabilities for the detection and identification of
chemical Warfare Agents (CWA) and toxic industrial chemicals (TIC). CATSI EDM is a passive infrared double-beam
Fourier spectrometer system designed for real-time stand-off detection and identification of chemical vapours at
distances up to 5 km. It is based on the successful passive differential detection technology. This technique known as
optical subtraction, results in a target gas spectrum which is almost free of background, thus making possible detection of weak infrared emission in strong background emission. This paper summarizes the system requirements, achievements, hardware and software characteristics and test results.
The midwave and longwave infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum contain rich information which can be
captured by hyperspectral sensors thus enabling enhanced detection of targets of interest. A continuous hyperspectral
imaging measurement capability operated 24/7 over varying seasons and weather conditions permits the evaluation of
hyperspectral imaging for detection of different types of targets in real world environments. Such a measurement site
was built at Picatinny Arsenal under the Spectral and Polarimetric Imagery Collection Experiment (SPICE), where two
Hyper-Cam hyperspectral imagers are installed at the Precision Armament Laboratory (PAL) and are operated
autonomously since Fall of 2009. The Hyper-Cam are currently collecting a complete hyperspectral database that
contains the MWIR and LWIR hyperspectral measurements of several targets under day, night, sunny, cloudy, foggy,
rainy and snowy conditions.
The Telops Hyper-Cam sensor is an imaging spectrometer that enables the spatial and spectral analysis capabilities using
a single sensor. It is based on the Fourier-transform technology yielding high spectral resolution and enabling high
accuracy radiometric calibration. It provides datacubes of up to 320x256 pixels at spectral resolutions of up to 0.25 cm-1.
The MWIR version covers the 3 to 5 μm spectral range and the LWIR version covers the 8 to 12 μm spectral range.
This paper describes the automated operation of the two Hyper-Cam sensors being used in the SPICE data collection.
The Reveal Automation Control Software (RACS) developed collaboratively between Telops, ARDEC, and ARL
enables flexible operating parameters and autonomous calibration. Under the RACS software, the Hyper-Cam sensors
can autonomously calibrate itself using their internal blackbody targets, and the calibration events are initiated by user
defined time intervals and on internal beamsplitter temperature monitoring. The RACS software is the first software
developed for COTS hyperspectal sensors that allows for full autonomous data collection capability for the user. The
accuracy of the automatic calibration was characterized and is presented in this paper.
Benefiting from the rich amount of information provided by a hyperspectral imager such as an imaging Fourier-transform
spectrometer, we developed a suite of gas quantification algorithms that were applied to identify the gas
released by distant stacks, and to quantify their specific mass flow rates. The method successfully performs the gas
quantification through a range of important radiometric and instrumental considerations. Interactions between the
released gases and the fluctuating winds result in strong turbulences which are accounted for by a recently developed
algorithm avoiding scene change artifacts, thus ensuring valid estimation of the spectral radiance emitted by the plume.
Accurate radiometric calibration is a key feature of modern infrared cameras. Considering the newly available infrared
focal plane arrays (FPA) exhibiting very high spatial resolution and faster readout speed, we developed a method to
provide a dedicated radiometric calibration of every pixel. The novel approach is based on detected fluxes rather than
detected counts as is customarily done. This approach features many advantages including the explicit management of
the main parameter used to change the gain of the camera, namely the exposure time. The method not only handles the
variation of detector spectral responsivity across the FPA pixels but also provides an efficient way to correct for the
change of signal offset due to camera self-emission and detector dark current. The method is designed to require as few
parameters as possible to enable a real-time implementation for megapixel-FPAs and for data throughputs larger than
100 Mpixels/s. Preliminary results with a high-speed 3 μm to 5 μm infrared camera demonstrate that the method is
viable and yields small radiometric errors.
Hyperspectral ground mapping is being used in an ever-increasing extent for numerous applications in the military,
geology and environmental fields. The different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum help produce information of
differing nature. The visible, near-infrared and short-wave infrared radiation (400 nm to 2.5 μm) has been mostly used to
analyze reflected solar light, while the mid-wave (3 to 5 μm) and long-wave (8 to 12 μm or thermal) infrared senses the
self-emission of molecules directly, enabling the acquisition of data during night time.
Push-broom dispersive sensors have been typically used for airborne hyperspectral mapping. However, extending the
spectral range towards the mid-wave and long-wave infrared brings performance limitations due to the self emission of
the sensor itself. The Fourier-transform spectrometer technology has been extensively used in the infrared spectral range
due to its high transmittance as well as throughput and multiplex advantages, thereby reducing the sensor self-emission
problem.
Telops has developed the Hyper-Cam, a rugged and compact infrared hyperspectral imager. The Hyper-Cam is based on
the Fourier-transform technology yielding high spectral resolution and enabling high accuracy radiometric calibration. It
provides passive signature measurement capability, with up to 320x256 pixels at spectral resolutions of up to 0.25 cm-1.
The Hyper-Cam has been used on the ground in several field campaigns, including the demonstration of standoff
chemical agent detection. More recently, the Hyper-Cam has been integrated into an airplane to provide airborne
measurement capabilities. A special pointing module was designed to compensate for airplane attitude and forward
motion. To our knowledge, the Hyper-Cam is the first commercial airborne hyperspectral imaging sensor based on
Fourier-transform infrared technology. The first airborne measurements and some preliminary performance criteria for
the Hyper-Cam are presented in this paper.
Standoff detection, identification and quantification of chemical agents are fundamental needs in several fields of
applications. Additional required sensor characteristics include high sensitivity, low false alarms and high-speed (ideally
real-time) operation, all in a compact and robust package. The thermal infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
has been utilized to implement such chemical sensors, either with spectrometers (with none or moderate imaging
capability) or with imagers (with moderate spectral capability). Only with the recent emergence of high-speed, large
format infrared imaging arrays, has it been possible to design chemical sensors offering uncompromising performance in
the spectral, spatial, as well as the temporal domain.
Telops has developed an innovative instrument that can not only provide an early warning for chemical agents and toxic
chemicals, but also one that provides a "Chemical Map" in the field of view. To provide to best field imaging
spectroscopy instrument, Telops has developed the FIRST,
Field-portable Imaging Radiometric Spectrometer
Technology, instrument. This instrument is based on a modular design that includes: a high-performance infrared FPA
and data acquisition electronics, onboard data processing electronics, a high-performance Fourier transform modulator,
dual integrated radiometric calibration targets and a visible boresight camera. These modules, assembled together in an
environmentally robust structure, used in combination with Telops' proven radiometric and spectral calibration
algorithms make this instrument a world-class passive standoff detection system for chemical imaging.
This paper presents chemical detection and identification results obtained with the FIRST sensor.
Jet engine exhaust radiates strongly in the midwave infrared due to line emission from combustion byproducts such as
CO2, CO, and H2O. Imaging Fourier-transform spectrometers (IFTS) have the potential to measure spatial variations
in plume temperature and density. However, the turbulent flow yields rapid, stochastic fluctuations in radiance during
interferometric measurements which corrupt corresponding spectra. A novel, statistics-based method of interpreting
a time-sequence of interferograms collected from a stochastic blackbody source is presented which enables good
estimation of the underlying temperature distribution. It is shown that the median (and various other quantiles) interferograms
afford unbiased spectral estimates of temperature upon Fourier transformation, in contrast to temperature
estimates based on spectra obtained from mean interferograms. This method is then applied to IFTS data (200×64
pixels at 1cm-1 resolution) of a turbulent exhaust plume from a small turbojet engine. Spatial maps of brightness
temperature and estimates of turbulence-induced temperature distribution are presented.
The midwave and shortwave infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum contain rich information enabling the characterization of hot, rapid events such as explosions, engine plumes, flares and other combustion events. High-speed sensors are required to analyze the content of such rapidly evolving targets. Cameras with high frame rates and non-imaging spectrometers with high data rates are typically used; however the information from these two types of instruments must be later fused to enable characterization of the transient targets. Imaging spectrometers have recently become commercially available for general scientific use, thus enabling simultaneous capture of both spatial and spectral information without co-registration issues. However, their use against rapidly-varying sources has traditionally been considered problematic, for even at moderate spatial and spectral resolutions the time to acquire a single spectrum can be long compared to the timescales associated with combustion events.
This paper demonstrates that imaging Fourier-transform spectroscopy (IFTS) can successfully characterize the turbulent combustion exhaust from a turbojet engine. A Telops Hyper-Cam IFTS collected hyperspectral video from a Turbine Technologies SR-30 turbojet engine with a spectral resolution of δν = 1/cm-1 on a 200×64 pixel sub-window at a rate of 0.3 Hz. Scene-change artifacts (SCAs) are present in the spectra; however, the stochastic fluctuations in source intensity translate into high-frequency "noise." Temporal averaging affords a significant reduction of the noise associated with SCAs. Emission from CO and CO2 are clearly recognized in the averaged spectra, and information about their temperature and relative concentrations is evident.
Hyperspectral ground mapping is being used in an ever-increasing extent for numerous applications in the military,
geology and environmental fields. The different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum help produce information of
differing nature. The visible, near-infrared and short-wave infrared radiation (400 nm to 2.5 μm) has been mostly used to
analyze reflected solar light, while the mid-wave (3 to 5 μm) and long-wave (8 to 12 μm or thermal) infrared senses the
self-emission of molecules directly, enabling the acquisition of data during night time.
Push-broom dispersive sensors have been typically used for airborne hyperspectral mapping. However, extending the
spectral range towards the mid-wave and long-wave infrared brings performance limitations due to the self emission of
the sensor itself. The Fourier-transform spectrometer technology has been extensively used in the infrared spectral range
due to its high transmittance as well as throughput and multiplex advantages, thereby reducing the sensor self-emission
problem.
Telops has developed the Hyper-Cam, a rugged and compact infrared hyperspectral imager. The Hyper-Cam is based on
the Fourier-transform technology yielding high spectral resolution and enabling high accuracy radiometric calibration. It
provides passive signature measurement capability, with up to 320x256 pixels at spectral resolutions of up to 0.25 cm-1.
The Hyper-Cam has been used on the ground in several field campaigns, including the demonstration of standoff
chemical agent detection. More recently, the Hyper-Cam has been integrated into an airplane to provide airborne
measurement capabilities. A special pointing module was designed to compensate for airplane attitude and forward
motion. To our knowledge, the Hyper-Cam is the first commercial airborne hyperspectral imaging sensor based on
Fourier-transform infrared technology. The first airborne measurements and some preliminary performance criteria for
the Hyper-Cam are presented in this paper.
Emerging applications in Defense and Security require sensors with state-of-the-art sensitivity and capabilities. Among
these sensors, the imaging spectrometer is an instrument yielding a large amount of rich information about the measured
scene. Standoff detection, identification and quantification of chemicals in the gaseous state is one important
application. Analysis of the surface emissivity as a means to classify ground properties and usage is another one.
Imaging spectrometers have unmatched capabilities to meet the requirements of these applications.
Telops has developed the FIRST, a LWIR hyperspectral imager. The FIRST is based on the Fourier Transform
technology yielding high spectral resolution and enabling high accuracy radiometric calibration. The FIRST, a man
portable sensor, provides datacubes of up to 320x256 pixels at 0.35mrad spatial resolution over the 8-12 μm spectral
range at spectral resolutions of up to 0.25cm-1. The FIRST has been used in several field campaigns, including the
demonstration of standoff chemical agent detection [http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.795119.1]. More recently, an airborne
system integrating the FIRST has been developed to provide airborne hyperspectral measurement capabilities. The
airborne system and its capabilities are presented in this paper.
The FIRST sensor modularity enables operation in various configurations such as tripod-mounted and airborne. In the
airborne configuration, the FIRST can be operated in push-broom mode, or in staring mode with image motion
compensation. This paper focuses on the airborne operation of the FIRST sensor.
Emerging applications in Defense and Security require sensors with state-of-the-art sensitivity and capabilities. Among
these sensors, the imaging spectrometer is an instrument yielding a large amount of rich information about the measured
scene. Standoff detection, identification and quantification of chemicals in the gaseous state is one important
application. Analysis of the surface emissivity as a means to classify ground properties and usage is another one.
Imaging spectrometers have unmatched capabilities to meet the requirements of these applications.
Telops has developed the FIRST, a LWIR hyperspectral imager. The FIRST is based on the Fourier Transform
technology yielding high spectral resolution and enabling high accuracy radiometric calibration. The FIRST, a man
portable sensor, provides datacubes of up to 320×256 pixels at 0.35mrad spatial resolution over the 8-12 μm spectral
range at spectral resolutions of up to 0.25cm-1. The FIRST has been used in several field campaigns, including the
demonstration of standoff chemical agent detection [http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.788027.1]. More recently, an airborne
system integrating the FIRST has been developed to provide airborne hyperspectral measurement capabilities. The
airborne system and its capabilities are presented in this paper.
The FIRST sensor modularity enables operation in various configurations such as tripod-mounted and airborne. In the
airborne configuration, the FIRST can be operated in push-broom mode, or in staring mode with image motion
compensation. This paper focuses on the airborne operation of the FIRST sensor.
Emerging applications in Defense and Security require sensors with state-of-the-art sensitivity and capabilities. Among
these sensors, the imaging spectrometer is an instrument yielding a large amount of rich information about the measured
scene. Standoff detection, identification and quantification of chemicals in the gaseous state is one important
application. Analysis of the surface emissivity as a means to classify ground properties and usage is another one.
Imaging spectrometers have unmatched capabilities to meet the requirements of these applications.
Telops has developed the FIRST, a LWIR hyperspectral imager. The FIRST is based on the Fourier Transform
technology yielding high spectral resolution and enabling high accuracy radiometric calibration. The FIRST, a man
portable sensor, provides datacubes of up to 320×256 pixels at 0.35mrad spatial resolution over the 8-12 μm spectral
range at spectral resolutions of up to 0.25cm-1. The FIRST has been used in several field campaigns, including the
demonstration of standoff chemical agent detection. More recently, an airborne system integrating the FIRST has been
developed to provide airborne hyperspectral measurement capabilities. The airborne system and its capabilities are
presented in this paper.
The FIRST sensor modularity enables operation in various configurations such as tripod-mounted and airborne. In the
airborne configuration, the FIRST can be operated in push-broom mode, or in staring mode with image motion
compensation. This paper focuses on the airborne operation of the FIRST sensor.
Standoff detection, identification and quantification of chemical agents are fundamental needs in several fields of
applications. Additional required sensor characteristics include high sensitivity, low false alarms and high-speed (ideally
real-time) operation, all in a compact and robust package. The thermal infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
has been utilized to implement such chemical sensors, either with spectrometers (with none or moderate imaging
capability) or with imagers (with moderate spectral capability). Only with the recent emergence of high-speed, large
format infrared imaging arrays, has it been possible to design chemical sensors offering uncompromising performance in
the spectral, spatial, as well as the temporal domain.
Telops has developed an innovative instrument that can not only provide an early warning for chemical agents and toxic
chemicals, but also one that provides a "Chemical Map" in the field of view. To provide to best field imaging
spectroscopy instrument, Telops has developed the FIRST, Field-portable Imaging Radiometric Spectrometer
Technology, instrument. This instrument is based on a modular design that includes: a high-
performance infrared FPA
and data acquisition electronics, onboard data processing electronics, a high- performance Fourier transform modulator,
dual integrated radiometric calibration targets and a visible boresight camera. These modules, assembled together in an
environmentally robust structure, used in combination with Telops' proven radiometric and spectral calibration
algorithms make this instrument a world-class passive standoff detection system for chemical imaging.
This paper presents chemical detection and identification results obtained with the FIRST sensor.
Standoff detection, identification and quantification of chemical agents are fundamental needs in several fields of
applications. Additional required sensor characteristics include high sensitivity, low false alarms and high-speed (ideally
real-time) operation, all in a compact and robust package. The thermal infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
has been utilized to implement such chemical sensors, either with spectrometers (with none or moderate imaging
capability) or with imagers (with moderate spectral capability). Only with the recent emergence of high-speed, large
format infrared imaging arrays, has it been possible to design chemical sensors offering uncompromising performance in
the spectral, spatial, as well as the temporal domain.
Telops has developed an innovative instrument that can not only provide an early warning for chemical agents and toxic
chemicals, but also one that provides a "Chemical Map" of the field of view. To provide to best field imaging
spectroscopy instrument, Telops has developed the FIRST, Field-portable Imaging Radiometric Spectrometer
Technology, instrument. This instrument is based on a modular design that includes: a high performance infrared FPA
and data acquisition electronics, onboard data processing electronics, a high performance Fourier transform modulator,
dual integrated radiometric calibration targets and a visible boresighted camera. These modules, assembled together in
an environmentally robust structure, used in combination with Telops' proven radiometric and spectral calibration
algorithms make this instrument a world-class passive standoff detection system for chemical imaging.
This paper presents chemical detection and identification results obtained with the FIRST sensor.
Emerging applications in Defense and Security require sensors with state-of-the-art sensitivity and capabilities. Among these sensors, the imaging spectrometer is an instrument yielding a large amount of rich information about the measured scene. Standoff detection, identification and quantification of chemicals in the gaseous state are fundamental needs in several fields of applications. Imaging spectrometers have unmatched capabilities to meet the requirements of these applications.
Telops has developed the FIRST, a LWIR hyperspectral imager. The FIRST is based on FTIR technology to provide high spectral resolution and to enable high accuracy radiometric calibration. The FIRST, a man portable sensor, provides datacubes of up to 320x256 pixels at 0.35 mrad spatial resolution over the 8-12 μm spectral range at spectral resolutions of up to 0.25 cm-1. The FIRST has been used in several field measurements, including demonstration of standoff chemical agent detection. One key feature of the FIRST is its ability to give calibrated measurements. The quality of the calibrated measurements will be presented in this paper.
Sensitivity, spectral resolution and radiometric stability as obtained during field and laboratory measurements will be presented. Finally, images of chemical releases detected with the FIRST will be shown.
Emerging applications in Defense and Security require sensors with state-of-the-art sensitivity and capabilities. Among these sensors, the imaging spectrometer is an instrument yielding a large amount of rich information about the measured scene. Standoff detection, identification and quantification of chemicals in the gaseous state are fundamental needs in several fields of applications. Imaging spectrometers have unmatched capabilities to meet the requirements of these applications.
Telops has developed the FIRST, a LWIR hyperspectral imager. The FIRST is based on FTIR technology to yield high spectral resolution and to enable high accuracy radiometric calibration. The FIRST, a man portable sensor, provides datacubes of up to 320x256 pixels at 0.35 mrad spatial resolution over the 8-12 μm spectral range at spectral resolutions of up to 0.25 cm-1. The FIRST has been used in several field measurements, including demonstration of standoff chemical agent detection. One key feature of the FIRST is its ability to give calibrated measurements. The quality of the radiometric and spectral calibration will be presented in this paper.
During the field measurements, the FIRST operated under changing environmental conditions while many calibration measurements were taken. In this paper, we will present the stability of the calibration of the FIRST obtained during the field campaigns.
Standoff detection, identification and quantification of chemicals in the gaseous state are fundamental needs in several fields of applications. Additional required sensor characteristics include high sensitivity, low false alarms and high-speed (ideally real-time) operation, all in a compact and robust package. The thermal infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum has been utilized to implement such chemical sensors, either with spectrometers (with none or moderate imaging capability) or with imagers (with moderate spectral capability). Only with the recent emergence of high-speed, large format infrared imaging arrays, has it been possible to design chemical sensors offering uncompromising performance in the spectral, spatial, as well as the temporal domain. Telops has developed a novel instrument that can not only provide an early warning for chemical agents and toxic chemicals, but also one that provides a "Chemical Map" of the field of view and is man portable. To provide to best field imaging spectroscopy instrument, Telops has developed the FIRST, Field-portable Imaging Radiometric Spectrometer Technology, instrument. This instrument is based on a modular design that includes: a high performance infrared FPA and data acquisition electronics, onboard data processing electronics, a high performance Fourier transform modulator, dual integrated radiometric calibration targets, a visible boresight camera. These modules, assembled together in an environmentally robust structure, used in combination with Telops' proven radiometric and spectral calibration algorithms make this instrument a world-class passive standoff detection system for chemical imaging.
Standoff detection, identification and quantification of chemicals in the gaseous state are fundamental needs in several fields of applications. Sensor requirements derived from these applications include high sensitivity, low false alarms and real-time operation, all in a compact and robust package suitable for field use. The thermal infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum has been utilized to implement such chemical sensors, either with spectrometers (with no or moderate imaging capability) or with imagers (with moderate spectral capability). Only with the recent emergence of high-speed, large format infrared imaging arrays has it been possible to design chemical sensors offering uncompromising performance in the spectral, spatial, as well as the temporal domain. It is clear from analytical studies that the combined spatial and spectral information holds enormous promises on improving the current performance of passive detection, identification and quantification of chemical agents. This paper presents detection, identification and quantification algorithms developed for hyperspectral imagers operating in the thermal infrared. The effectiveness of these algorithms is illustrated using gaseous releases datacubes acquired using the Telops FIRST imaging spectrometer in the field.
Standoff detection, identification and quantification of chemicals in the gaseous state are fundamental needs in several fields of applications. Additional required sensor characteristics include high sensitivity, low false alarms and high-speed (ideally real-time) operation, all in a compact and robust package. The thermal infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum has been utilized to implement such chemical sensors, either with spectrometers (with none or moderate imaging capability) or with imagers (with moderate spectral capability). Only with the recent emergence of high-speed, large format infrared imaging arrays, has it been possible to design chemical sensors offering uncompromising performance in the spectral, spatial, as well as the temporal domain. Telops has developed a novel instrument that can not only provide an early warning for chemical agents and toxic chemicals, but also one that provides a "Chemical Map" of the field of view and is man portable. To provide to best field imaging spectroscopy instrument, Telops has developed the FIRST, Field-portable Imaging Radiometric Spectrometer Technology, instrument. This instrument is based on a modular design that includes: a high performance infrared FPA and data acquisition electronics, onboard data processing electronics, a high performance Fourier transform modulator, dual integrated radiometric calibration targets and a visible boresighted camera. These modules, assembled together in an environmentally robust structure, used in combination with Telops' proven radiometric and spectral calibration algorithms make this instrument a world-class passive standoff detection system for chemical imaging.
Standoff detection, identification and quantification of chemicals require sensitive spectrometers with calibration capabilities. Recent developments in LWIR focal plane arrays combined with the mastering of Fourier-Transform Spectrometer technology allow the realization of an imaging spectrometer specifically designed for chemical imaging. The spectral and radiometric calibration of the instrument enables the processing of the data to detect the chemicals with spectral signatures in the 8-12 μm region. Spectral images are processed and the contrast between different pixels is used to map the chemicals.
Telops has built a field-portable instrument. This paper presents some details about the design of this state-of-the-art sensor. Performance and test results are also presented along with results from a field test.
Advancements in Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT) focal plane arrays (FPA) in recent years have allowed high performance longwave infrared imagers to prosper. In particular molecular and gas/chemical spectroscopy applications can be vastly advanced with these new products. However, for the transition from single pixel spectrometers to FPA base imaging spectrometers to succeed, a couple of parallel advancements must be made as well. Most Fourier transform spectrometers currently available are designed specifically for a 1 mm single pixel detector. Scientists who try to convert these systems into imaging spectrometers quickly run into throughput issues when FPAs reach sizes of up to 12.5mm, thus limiting the performance and greatly impacting the detection capabilities. Furthermore, for large FPAs the readout time can be significantly longer than the integration time. In turn, this requires slower sweep speeds with a higher degree of control of the scanning mechanism. The benefit of these new technologies in spectroscopy can only be demonstrated with a system optimally designed for imaging spectroscopy. This paper will address the issues of imaging spectroscopy and will show how an instrument designed for specifically imaging applications can dramatically improve the performance of the system and quality of the data acquired.
KEYWORDS: Interferometers, Sensors, Staring arrays, Spectroscopy, Calibration, Black bodies, Cameras, Control systems, Data acquisition, Imaging systems
Standoff detection, identification and quantification of chemicals require sensitive spectrometers with calibration capabilities. Recent developments in LWIR focal plane arrays combined with the mastering of Fourier-Transform Spectrometer technology allow the realization of an imaging spectrometer specifically designed for chemical imaging. The spectral and radiometric calibration of the instrument enables the processing of the data to detect the chemicals with spectral signatures in the 8-12 μm region. Spectral images are processed and the contrast between different pixels is used to map the chemicals. Telops is building the field-portable instrument. This paper presents the requirements for chemical detection in the LWIR, how the system is broken down into different modules and the details of each of these modules: calibration, interferometer, datacube acquisition and processing, and the main controller. The system has real-time processing capabilities of the measured data. Performance prediction is presented as well.
Standoff detection of chemical agents may be enhanced with the capability to measure an image of the agent concentration. The use of an imaging Fourier-Transform Spectrometer to perform these measurements is extensively modeled in order to predict its ultimate capabilities. The model developed allows one to determine the optimal
configuration of the instrument, taking into account the precise characteristics of realistic and existing hardware.
The model is first based on the calculation of radiative transfer from the scene into the instrument up to the imaging detector. Standard performance models of FTS are improved to include the particular features of imaging FTS operated with infrared cameras. The infrared focal plane arrays have their own constraints that are taken into account in the model.
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