Recent terrorist attacks and possibilities of such actions in future have forced to develop security systems for critical infrastructures that embrace sensors technologies and technical organization of systems. The used till now perimeter protection of stationary objects, based on construction of a ring with two-zone fencing, visual cameras with illumination are efficiently displaced by the systems of the multisensor technology that consists of: visible technology – day/night cameras registering optical contrast of a scene, thermal technology – cheap bolometric cameras recording thermal contrast of a scene and active ground radars – microwave and millimetre wavelengths that record and detect reflected radiation. Merging of these three different technologies into one system requires methodology for selection of technical conditions of installation and parameters of sensors. This procedure enables us to construct a system with correlated range, resolution, field of view and object identification. Important technical problem connected with the multispectral system is its software, which helps couple the radar with the cameras. This software can be used for automatic focusing of cameras, automatic guiding cameras to an object detected by the radar, tracking of the object and localization of the object on the digital map as well as target identification and alerting. Based on “plug and play” architecture, this system provides unmatched flexibility and simplistic integration of sensors and devices in TCP/IP networks. Using a graphical user interface it is possible to control sensors and monitor streaming video and other data over the network, visualize the results of data fusion process and obtain detailed information about detected intruders over a digital map. System provide high-level applications and operator workload reduction with features such as sensor to sensor cueing from detection devices, automatic e-mail notification and alarm triggering. The paper presents a structure and some elements of critical infrastructure protection solution which is based on a modular multisensor security system. System description is focused mainly on methodology of selection of sensors parameters. The results of the tests in real conditions are also presented.
The recent necessity to protect military bases, convoys and patrols gave serious impact to the development of multisensor security systems for perimeter protection. One of the most important devices used in such systems are IR cameras. The paper discusses technical possibilities and limitations to use uncooled IR camera in a multi-sensor surveillance system for perimeter protection. Effective ranges of detection depend on the class of the sensor used and the observed scene itself. Application of IR camera increases the probability of intruder detection regardless of the time of day or weather conditions. It also simultaneously decreased the false alarm rate produced by the surveillance system. The role of IR cameras in the system was discussed as well as technical possibilities to detect human being. Comparison of commercially available IR cameras, capable to achieve desired ranges was done. The required spatial resolution for detection, recognition and identification was calculated. The simulation of detection ranges was done using a new model for predicting target acquisition performance which uses the Targeting Task Performance (TTP) metric. Like its predecessor, the Johnson criteria, the new model bounds the range performance with image quality. The scope of presented analysis is limited to the estimation of detection, recognition and identification ranges for typical thermal cameras with uncooled microbolometer focal plane arrays. This type of cameras is most widely used in security systems because of competitive price to performance ratio. Detection, recognition and identification range calculations were made, and the appropriate results for the devices with selected technical specifications were compared and discussed.
Visible, LLTV and anti-fog cameras have different abilities to capture external information, and combining these abilities of the three cameras can greatly improve the environment perception ability of intruders or emergency situations. Designed specifically for professional surveillance use, multi active pixel sensor camera of this type allows targets to be monitored at long distance and tracked using the proportional pan, tilt and zoom system. In the article the research results of the camera to determine realistic and standardized parameters, e.g. range of detection, recognition and identification of humans are described. The paper presents measuring equipment, procedures and results.
The requirements for soldier camouflage in the context of modern warfare are becoming more complex and challenging given the emergence of novel infrared sensors. There is a pressing need for the development of adapted fabrics and soldier camouflage devices to provide efficient camouflage in both the visible and infrared spectral ranges. The Military University of Technology has conducted an intensive project to develop new materials and fabrics to further improve the camouflage efficiency of soldiers. The developed materials shall feature visible and infrared properties that make these unique and adapted to various military context needs. This paper presents the details of an advanced measurement campaign of those unique materials where the correlation between multispectral and hyperspectral infrared measurements is performed.
The requirements for soldier camouflage in the context of modern warfare are becoming more complex and challenging given the emergence of novel infrared sensors. There is a pressing need for the development of adapted fabrics and soldier camouflage devices to provide efficient camouflage in both the visible and infrared spectral ranges. The Military University of Technology has conducted an intensive project to develop new materials and fabrics to further improve the camouflage efficiency of soldiers. The developed materials shall feature visible and infrared properties that make these unique and adapted to various military context needs. This paper presents the details of an advanced measurement campaign of those unique materials where the correlation between multispectral and hyperspectral infrared measurements is performed.
The emergence of new infrared camouflage and countermeasure technologies in the context of military operations has paved the way to enhanced detection capabilities. Camouflage devices such as candles (or smoke bombs) and flares are developed to generate either large area or localized screens with very high absorption in the infrared. Similarly, soldier's camouflage devices such as clothing have evolved in design to dissolve their infrared characteristics with that of the background. In all cases, the analysis of the targets infrared images needs to be conducted in both multispectral and hyperspectral domains to assess their capability to efficiently provide visible and infrared camouflage. The Military University of Technology has conducted several intensive field campaigns where various types of smoke candles and camouflage uniforms were deployed in different conditions and were measured both in the multispectral and hyperspectral domains. Cooled broadband infrared cameras were used for the multispectral analysis whereas the high spectral, spatial and temporal resolution acquisition of these thermodynamic events was recorded with the Telops Hyper-Cam sensor. This paper presents the test campaign concept and the analysis of the recorded measurements.
The interpretation of IR images depends on radiative properties of observed objects and surrounding scenery. Skills and experience of an observer itself are also of great importance. The solution to improve the effectiveness of observation is utilization of algorithm of image enhancing capable to improve the image quality and the same effectiveness of object detection. The paper presents results of testing the hardware implementation of IR image enhancing algorithm based on histogram processing. Main issue in hardware implementation of complex procedures for image enhancing algorithms is high computational cost. As a result implementation of complex algorithms using general purpose processors and software usually does not bring satisfactory results. Because of high efficiency requirements and the need of parallel operation, the ALTERA’s EP2C35F672 FPGA device was used. It provides sufficient processing speed combined with relatively low power consumption. A digital image processing and control module was designed and constructed around two main integrated circuits: a FPGA device and a microcontroller. Programmable FPGA device performs image data processing operations which requires considerable computing power. It also generates the control signals for array readout, performs NUC correction and bad pixel mapping, generates the control signals for display module and finally executes complex image processing algorithms. Implemented adaptive algorithm is based on plateau histogram equalization. Tests were performed on real IR images of different types of objects registered in different spectral bands. The simulations and laboratory experiments proved the correct operation of the designed system in executing the sophisticated image enhancement.
Range parameters of observation devices can be determined on the basis of numerical simulations (NVTherm) or on the
basis of measured characteristics. Those measurements can be conducted in both laboratory and field conditions. It is,
however, difficult to carry on reliable field measurements of range parameters because they are strongly depended on
atmospheric conditions. Thus the laboratory measurements are more favorable option. Analysis of literature and catalogue specifications reveal, that range parameters are given mainly on the basis of Johnson criteria or TTP model. The Johnson criteria has been used since the 50s and most of catalogue range specifications are determined according to it. There are also NATO standards, which describe the measurement procedures and methodology required to define the detection, recognition and identification ranges for standard NATO targets. For the determination of range parameters the following device characteristics must be known: minimal resolvable temperature for thermal imaging devices and minimal resolvable contrast for VIS devices. The TTP model offers a new approach to the determination of range characteristics of observation devices. It has been developed by U.S. Army’s Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate since the year 2000. It was created because the modified Johnson criteria did not yield reliable results in case of modern systems with digital image processing. In order to determine the range parameters using TTP model, the modulation transfer function MTF, presample MTF function, and 3D noise of a tested system must be known as well as its basic design data as optical magnification and display type. The paper describes the measurement stand, measurement methodology and the procedure for the determination of range parameters. The results for thermal and VIS cameras are also presented, and they are analyzed and compared with the results obtained from current methods, including the measurement uncertainty figures. Some suggestions on
the methodology of measurements are also given.
There are many separated infrastructural objects within a harbor area that may be considered „critical", such as gas and oil terminals or anchored naval vessels. Those objects require special protection, including security systems capable of monitoring both surface and underwater areas, because an intrusion into the protected area may be attempted using small surface vehicles (boats, kayaks, rafts, floating devices with weapons and explosives) as well as underwater ones (manned or unmanned submarines, scuba divers). The cameras used in security systems operate in several different spectral ranges in order to improve the probability of detection of incoming objects (potential threats). The cameras should then have adequate range parameters for detection, recognition and identification and those parameters, both measured and obtained through numerical simulations, will be presented in the paper. The range parameters of thermal cameras were calculated using NVTherm software package. Parameters of four observation thermal cameras were also measured on a specialized test stand at Institute of Optoelectronics, MUT. This test stand makes it also possible to test visual cameras. The parameters of five observation cameras working in the visual range were measured and on the basis of those data the detection, recognition and identification ranges were determined. The measurement results and simulation data will be compared. The evaluation of range parameters obtained for the tested camera types will define their usability in the real security system for the protection of selected critical infrastructure of a seaport.small surface objects (such as RIB boats) by a camera system and real test results in various weather conditions will also be presented.
There are many separated infrastructural objects within a harbor area that may be considered "critical", such as gas and oil terminals
or anchored naval vessels. Those objects require special protection, including security systems capable of monitoring both surface and
underwater areas, because an intrusion into the protected area may be attempted using small surface vehicles (boats, kayaks, rafts,
floating devices with weapons and explosives) as well as underwater ones (manned or unmanned submarines, scuba divers). The paper
will present the concept of multisensor security system for a harbor protection, capable of complex monitoring of selected critical
objects within the protected area. The proposed system consists of a command centre and several different sensors deployed in key
areas, providing effective protection from land and sea, with special attention focused on the monitoring of underwater zone. The
initial project of such systems will be presented, its configuration and initial tests of the selected components. The protection of
surface area is based on medium-range radar and LLTV and infrared cameras. Underwater zone will be monitored by a sonar and
acoustic and magnetic barriers, connected into an integrated monitoring system. Theoretical analyses concerning the detection of fast,
small surface objects (such as RIB boats) by a camera system and real test results in various weather conditions will also be presented.
TTP (Targeting Task Performance) model is widely used for the estimation of theoretical performance of observation
devices. It is used, for example, in the NVTERM software and makes it possible to determine the detection, recognition
and identification ranges for a standard target types on the basis of known technical parameters of analyzed device.
Many theoretical analysis concerning TTP model can be found, as well as a few experimental, field test results. However
the usability of the TTP model for the calculation of range parameters on the basis of laboratory test results has not been
widely analyzed. The paper presents an attempt to apply TTP model for the estimation of range parameters of thermal
cameras using laboratory measurement results of camera properties. The test stand consists of an IR collimator, a
standard IR source, a set of test targets and a computer with data acquisition card. The method used for the measurement
of aforementioned characteristics will be described and the algorithms used to finally estimate the range parameters of a
tested thermal camera using TTP model.
The paper presents results of testing the infrared image quality enhancing algorithm based on histogram processing.
Testing were performed on real images registered in NIR, MWIR, and LWIR spectral bands. Infrared images are a very
specific type of information. The perception and interpretation of such image depends not only on radiative properties of
observed objects and surrounding scenery. Probably still most important are skills and experience of an observer itself.
In practice, the optimal settings of the camera as well as automatic temperature range or contrast control do not guarantee
the displayed images are optimal from observer's point of view. The solution to this are algorithms of image quality
enhancing based on digital image processing methods. Such algorithms can be implemented inside the camera or applied
later, after image registration. They must improve the visibility of low-contrast objects. They should also provide
effective dynamic contrast control not only across entire image but also selectively to specific areas in order to maintain
optimal visualization of observed scenery. In the paper one histogram equalization algorithm was tested. Adaptive nature
of the algorithm should assure significant improvement of the image quality and the same effectiveness of object
detection. Another requirement and difficulty is that it should also be effective for any given thermal image and it should
not cause a visible image degradation in unpredictable situations. The application of tested algorithm is a promising
alternative to a very effective but complex algorithms due to its low complexity and real time operation.
Every naval vessel can be detected and identified on the basis of its characteristics. The reduction of signature or
matching it to the surrounding environment are one of the key tasks regarding survivability on a modern battlefield. The
typical coatings applied on the outer surfaces of vessels are various kinds of paints. Their purpose is to protect the hull
from aggressive sea environment and to provide camouflage in the visual spectrum as well as scatter and deflect
microwave radiation. Apart from microwave and visual, infrared is most important spectral band used for detection
purposes. In order to obtain effective protection in infrared the thermal signature of a vessel is required. It is determined
on the basis of thermal contrast between a vessel itself and actual background and depends mostly on radiant properties
of the hull. Such signature can be modified by altering apparent temperature values or the directions, in which the
infrared radiation is emitted. The paper discusses selected methods of modification of vessel's infrared signature and
effectiveness of infrared camouflage. Theoretical analyses were preceded by experimental measurements. The
measurement-class infrared cameras and imaging spectroradiometers were used in order to determine the radiant
exitance from different surface types. Experiments were conducted in selected conditions taking into account solar
radiation and radiation reflected from elements of the surrounding scenery. Theoretical analysis took into account radiant
angular properties of a vessel hull and attenuation of radiation after passing through the atmosphere. The study was
performed in MWIR and LWIR ranges.
In today's electro-optic warfare era, it is more than vital for one nation's defense to possess the most advanced
measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT) capabilities. This is critical to gain a strategic advantage in the
planning of the military operations and deployments. The thermal infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum is a
key region that is exploited for infrared reconnaissance and surveillance missions. The Military University of
Technology has conducted an intensive measurement campaign of various soldier's camouflage devices in the scope of
building a database of infrared signatures. One of today's key technologies required to perform signature measurements
has become infrared hyperspectral and broadband/multispectral imaging sensors. The Telops Hyper-Cam LW product
represents a unique commercial offering with outstanding performances and versatility for the collection of hyperspectral
infrared images. The Hyper-Cam allows for the infrared imagery of a target (320 × 256 pixels) at a very high spectral
resolution (down to 0.25 cm-1). Moreover, the Military University of Technology has made use of a suite of scientific
grade commercial infrared cameras to further measure and assess the targets from a broadband/multispectral perspective.
The experiment concept and measurement results are presented in this paper.
Modern infrared camouflage and countermeasure technologies used in the context of military operations have evolved
rapidly over the last decade. Indeed, some infrared seekers and decoy/flares tend to have spectral sensitivity tailored to
closely match the emission signatures of military vehicles (such as aircrafts, tanks) and reject other sources. Similarly,
some candles (or smoke bombs) are developed to generate large area screens with very high absorption in the infrared.
The Military University of Technology has conducted an intensive field campaign where various types of flares and
smoke candles were deployed in different conditions and measured. The high spectral, spatial and temporal resolution
acquisition of these thermodynamic events was recorded with the Telops Hyper-Cam.
The Hyper-Cam enables simultaneous acquisition of spatial and spectral information at high resolutions in both domains.
The ability to study combustion systems with high resolution, co-registered imagery and spectral data is made possible.
This paper presents the test campaign concept and definition and the analysis of the recorded measurements.
This contribution reports some of the fusion results from the EDA SNIPOD project, where different multisensor
configurations for sniper detection and localization have been studied. A project aim has been to cover the
whole time line from sniper transport and establishment to shot. To do so, different optical sensors with and
without laser illumination have been tested, as well as acoustic arrays and solid state projectile radar. A sensor
fusion node collects detections and background statistics from all sensors and employs hypothesis testing and
multisensor estimation programs to produce unified and reliable sniper alarms and accurate sniper localizations.
Operator interfaces that connect to the fusion node should be able to support both sniper countermeasures and
the guidance of personnel to safety. Although the integrated platform has not been actually built, sensors have
been evaluated at common field trials with military ammunitions in the caliber range 5.56 to 12.7 mm, and
at sniper distances up to 900 m. It is concluded that integrating complementary sensors for pre- and postshot
sniper detection in a common system with automatic detection and fusion will give superior performance,
compared to stand alone sensors. A practical system is most likely designed with a cost effective subset of
available complementary sensors.
The paper presents the test results of a mobile system for the protection of large-area objects, which consists of a radar
and thermal and visual cameras. Radar is used for early detection and localization of an intruder and the cameras with
narrow field of view are used for identification and tracking of a moving object. The range evaluation of an integrated
system are presented as well as the probability of human detection as a function of the distance from radar-camera unit.
The increasing range of naval engagements results in development of camouflages applied on warships that mask their
signatures first in visible and next in and IR spectra. Camouflage applied on warships that mask their IR signatures is one
of the most basic countermeasure methods against attacks by heat-seeking missiles. A set of special coatings applied to
the ship's hull allows misidentification by enemies weapon and so make the ship harder to destroy. Thus the knowledge
on actual thermal contrast between the ship and surrounding background is required in order to provide an effective
antimissile defense. The paper presents selected aspects related to ship's camouflage realized by altering its thermal
signature as well as the results of radiometric measurement of thermal radiation of IR-masking coatings. Measurements
were performed using IR imaging spectrometers in near, medium and far infrared spectra. The presented measurement
results constitute the basis for the assessment of the effectiveness of IR masking methods and additionally provide the
opportunity to effectively simulate the properties of masking coatings and further to optimize their radiometric properties
in the infrared range.
Protection of naval bases and harbors requires close co-operation between security and access control systems covering
land areas and those monitoring sea approach routes. The typical location of naval bases and harbors - usually next to a
large city - makes it difficult to detect and identify a threat in the dense regular traffic of various sea vessels (i.e.
merchant ships, fishing boats, tourist ships). Due to the properties of vessel control systems, such as AIS (Automatic
Identification System), and the effectiveness of radar and optoelectronic systems against different targets it seems that
fast motor boats called RIB (Rigid Inflatable Boat) could be the most serious threat to ships and harbor infrastructure. In
the paper the process and conditions for the detection and identification of high-speed boats in the areas of ports and
naval bases in the near, medium and far infrared is presented. Based on the results of measurements and recorded
thermal images the actual temperature contrast delta T (RIB / sea) will be determined, which will further allow to specify
the theoretical ranges of detection and identification of the RIB-type targets for an operating security system. The data
will also help to determine the possible advantages of image fusion where the component images are taken in different
spectral ranges. This will increase the probability of identifying the object by the multi-sensor security system equipped
additionally with the appropriate algorithms for detecting, tracking and performing the fusion of images from the visible
and infrared cameras.
The paper discusses technical possibilities to build an effective electro-optical sensor unit for sniper detection using
infrared cameras. This unit, comprising of thermal and daylight cameras, can operate as a standalone device but its
primary application is a multi-sensor sniper and shot detection system. At first, the analysis was presented of three
distinguished phases of sniper activity: before, during and after the shot. On the basis of experimental data the
parameters defining the relevant sniper signatures were determined which are essential in assessing the capability of
infrared camera to detect sniper activity. A sniper body and muzzle flash were analyzed as targets and the descriptions of
phenomena which make it possible to detect sniper activities in infrared spectra as well as analysis of physical limitations
were performed. The analyzed infrared systems were simulated using NVTherm software. The calculations for several
cameras, equipped with different lenses and detector types were performed. The simulation of detection ranges was
performed for the selected scenarios of sniper detection tasks. After the analysis of simulation results, the technical
specifications of infrared sniper detection system were discussed, required to provide assumed detection range. Finally
the infrared camera setup was proposed which can detected sniper from 1000 meters range.
The paper presents some practical aspects of the measurements of muzzle flash signatures. Selected signatures of
sniper shot in typical scenarios has been presented. Signatures registered during all phases of muzzle flash were
analyzed. High precision laboratory measurements were made in a special ballistic laboratory and as a result several
flash patterns were registered. The field measurements of a muzzle flash were also performed. During the tests
several infrared cameras were used, including the measurement class devices with high accuracy and frame rates.
The registrations were made in NWIR, SWIR and LWIR spectral bands simultaneously. An ultra fast visual camera
was also used for visible spectra registration. Some typical infrared shot signatures were presented. Beside the
cameras, the LWIR imaging spectroradiometer HyperCam was also used during the laboratory experiments and the
field tests. The signatures collected by the HyperCam device were useful for the determination of spectral
characteristics of the muzzle flash, whereas the analysis of thermal images registered during the tests provided the
data on temperature distribution in the flash area. As a result of the measurement session the signatures of several
types handguns, machine guns and sniper rifles were obtained which will be used in the development of passive
infrared systems for sniper detection.
The paper presents the concept of a multisensor system for perimeter protection, suitable for stationary and moving
objects. The system consists of an active ground radar and thermal and visible cameras. The radar allows the system to
locate potential intruders and controls an observation area for system cameras. The multi-sensor system concept ensures
significant improvement of the probability of intruder detection and reduction of false alarms, thus increasing the
functionality and performance of the whole system. Effective ranges of detection depend on the quality of the applied
sensors and the observed scene itself. One of the most important devices used in such systems are IR cameras. The paper
discusses the technical possibilities and limitations to use uncooled IR cameras in such a multi-sensor system for
perimeter protection. The role of IR cameras in the system was discussed as well as a technical possibilities to detect a
human being. The operational distances for perimeter protection are rather high, considering the performance of
commercially available thermal cameras. The required spatial resolutions for detection, recognition and identification
were calculated and then the detection ranges were estimated using NVTherm software. The results of analysis were
finally presented and the comparison of exemplary IR cameras.
The nature of the recent military conflicts and terrorist attacks along with the necessity to protect bases, convoys and
patrols have made a serious impact on the development of more effective security systems. Current widely-used
perimeter protection systems with zone sensors will soon be replaced with multi-sensor systems. Multi-sensor systems
can utilize day/night cameras, IR uncooled thermal cameras, and millimeter-wave radars which detect radiation reflected
from targets. Ranges of detection, recognition and identification for all targets depend on the parameters of the sensors
used and of the observed scene itself. In this paper two essential issues connected with multispectral systems are
described. We will focus on describing the autonomous method of the system regarding object detection, tracking,
identification, localization and alarm notifications. We will also present the possibility of configuring the system as a
stationary, mobile or portable device as in our experimental results.
The nature of recent terrorist attacks and military conflicts as well as the necessity to protect bases, convoys and patrols
gave serious impact to the development of more effective security systems. Widely-used so far concepts of perimeter
protection with zone sensors will be replaced in the near future with multi-sensor systems. This kind of systems can
utilize day/night cameras, IR uncooled thermal cameras as well as millimeter-wave radars detecting radiation reflected
from target. Ranges of detection, recognition and identification for all targets depends on the parameters of the sensors
used and the observed scene itself. Apart from the sensors the most important elements that influence the system
effectiveness is intelligent data analysis and a proper data fusion algorithm. A multi-sensor protection system allows to
achieve significant improvement of detection probability of intruder. The concept of data fusion in multi-sensor system
has been introduced. It is based on image fusion algorithm which allows visualizing and tracking intruders under any
conditions.
The paper presents some practical aspects of sniper IR signature measurements. Description of particular signatures
for sniper shot in typical scenarios has been presented. We take into consideration sniper activities in the open area
as well as in urban environment. The measurements were made at field test ground. High precision laboratory
measurements were also performed. Several infrared cameras were used during measurements to cover all
measurement assumptions. Some of the cameras are measurement-class devices with high accuracy and frame rates.
The registrations were simultaneously made in UV, NWIR, SWIR and LWIR spectral bands. The infrared cameras
have possibilities to install optical filters for multispectral measurement. An ultra fast visual camera was also used
for visible spectra registration. Exemplary sniper IR signatures for typical situation were presented. LWIR imaging
spectroradiometer HyperCam was also used during the laboratory measurements and field experiments. The
signatures collected by HyperCam were useful for the determination of spectral characteristics of shot.
The paper presents some aspects of muzzle flash detection using low resolution polycrystalline PbSe uncooled
32×32 detectors array. This system for muzzle flash detection works in MWIR (3 - 5 microns) region and it is
based on VPD (Vapor Phase Deposition) technology. The low density uncooled 32×32 array is suitable for being
used in low cost IR imagers sensitive in the MWIR band with frame rates exceeding 1.000 Hz. The FPA
detector, read-out electronics and processing electronics (allowing the implementation of some algorithms for
muzzle flash detection) has been presented. The system has been tested at field test ground. Results of detection
range measurement with two types of optical systems (wide and narrow field of view) have been shown. The
initial results of testing of some algorithms for muzzle flash detection have been also presented.
Images produced by IR cameras are a specific source of information. The perception and interpretation of such image
greatly depends on thermal properties of observed object and surrounding scenery. In practice, the optimal settings of the
camera as well as automatic temperature range control do not guarantee the displayed images is optimal from observer's
point of view. The solution to this could be the methods and algorithms of digital image processing implemented in the
camera. Such solution should provide intelligent, dynamic contrast control applied not only across entire image but also
selectively to specific areas in order to maintain optimal visualization of observed scenery. The paper discusses problems
dealing with improvement of the visibility of low-contrast objects and presents method of image enhancement. The
algorithm is based on adaptive histogram equalization. The image enhancement algorithm was tested on real IR images.
The algorithm significantly improves the image quality and the effectiveness of object detection for the majority of
thermal images. Due to its adaptive nature it should be effective for any given thermal image. The application of such
algorithm is promising alternative to more expensive opto-electronic components like improved optics and detectors.
The recent necessity to protect military bases, convoys and patrols gave serious impact to the development of security
systems for perimeter protection. The application of multi-sensor increases functionality and performance of the whole
system. Effective ranges of detection depend on the class of the sensor used and the observed scene itself. One of the
most important devices used in such systems are IR cameras. Application of IR camera increases the probability of
intruder detection regardless of the time of day or weather conditions. It also increases the probability of intruder
detection and simultaneously decreased the false alarm rate produced by the system. The paper discusses technical
possibilities and limitations to use uncooled IR camera in a multi-sensor system for perimeter protection. The role of IR
cameras in the system was discussed as well as technical possibilities to detect human being. The operational distances
for perimeter protection are rather high, considering parameters of commercially available thermal cameras. Comparison
of exemplary IR cameras, capable to achieve desired ranges was done. The required spatial resolution for detection,
recognition and identification was calculated. The simulation of detection ranges was done using NVTherm software.
The results of analysis and simulations were finally presented.
The paper presents an initial concept of the electro-optical sensor unit for sniper detection purposes. This unit,
comprising of thermal and daylight cameras, can operate as a standalone device but its primary application is a
multi-sensor sniper and shot detection system. Being a part of a larger system it should contribute to greater overall
system efficiency and lower false alarm rate thanks to data and sensor fusion techniques. Additionally, it is expected
to provide some pre-shot detection capabilities. Generally acoustic (or radar) systems used for shot detection offer
only "after-the-shot" information and they cannot prevent enemy attack, which in case of a skilled sniper opponent
usually means trouble. The passive imaging sensors presented in this paper, together with active systems detecting
pointed optics, are capable of detecting specific shooter signatures or at least the presence of suspected objects in the
vicinity. The proposed sensor unit use thermal camera as a primary sniper and shot detection tool. The basic camera
parameters such as focal plane array size and type, focal length and aperture were chosen on the basis of assumed
tactical characteristics of the system (mainly detection range) and current technology level. In order to provide costeffective
solution the commercially available daylight camera modules and infrared focal plane arrays were tested,
including fast cooled infrared array modules capable of 1000 fps image acquisition rate. The daylight camera
operates as a support, providing corresponding visual image, easier to comprehend for a human operator. The initial
assumptions concerning sensor operation were verified during laboratory and field test and some example shot
recording sequences are presented.
The paper discusses technical possibilities to build an effective system for sniper detection using infrared cameras.
Descriptions of phenomena which make it possible to detect sniper activities in infrared spectra as well as analysis of
physical limitations were performed. Cooled and uncooled detectors were considered. Three phases of sniper activities
were taken into consideration: before, during and after the shot. On the basis of experimental data the parameters
defining the target were determined which are essential in assessing the capability of infrared camera to detect sniper
activity. A sniper body and muzzle flash were analyzed as targets. The simulation of detection ranges was done for the
assumed scenario of sniper detection task. The infrared sniper detection system was discussed, capable of fulfilling the
requirements. The discussion of the results of analysis and simulations was finally presented.
The paper presents the concept of multispectral protection system for perimeter protection for stationary and moving
objects. The system consists of active ground radar, thermal and visible cameras. The radar allows the system to locate
potential intruders and to control an observation area for system cameras. The multisensor construction of the system
ensures significant improvement of detection probability of intruder and reduction of false alarms. A final decision from
system is worked out using image data. The method of data fusion used in the system has been presented. The system is
working under control of FLIR Nexus system. The Nexus offers complete technology and components to create
network-based, high-end integrated systems for security and surveillance applications. Based on unique "plug and play"
architecture, system provides unmatched flexibility and simplistic integration of sensors and devices in TCP/IP networks.
Using a graphical user interface it is possible to control sensors and monitor streaming video and other data over the
network, visualize the results of data fusion process and obtain detailed information about detected intruders over a
digital map. System provides high-level applications and operator workload reduction with features such as sensor to
sensor cueing from detection devices, automatic e-mail notification and alarm triggering.
The paper presents some practical aspects of sniper IR signature measurements. Description of particular signatures for
sniper and background in typical scenarios has been presented. We take into consideration sniper activities in open area
as well as in urban environment. The measurements were made at field test ground. High precision laboratory
measurements were also performed. Several infrared cameras were used during measurements to cover all measurement
assumptions. Some of the cameras are measurement class devices with high accuracy and speed. The others are
microbolometer cameras with FPA detector similar to those used in real commercial counter-sniper systems. The
registration was made in SWIR and LWIR spectral bands simultaneously. An ultra fast visual camera was also used for
visible spectra registration. Exemplary sniper IR signatures for typical situation were presented.
Introduction of a ground multispectral detection has changed organization and construction of perimeter security
systems. The perimeter systems with linear zone sensors and cables have been replaced with a point arrangement of
sensors with multispectral detection. Such multispectral sensors generally consist of an active ground radar, which scans
the protected area with microwaves or millimeter waves, a thermal camera, which detects temperature contrast and a
visible range camera. Connection of these three different technologies into one system requires methodology for
selection of technical conditions of installation and parameters of sensors. This procedure enables us to construct a
system with correlated range, resolution, field of view and object identification. The second technical problem connected
with the multispectral system is its software, which helps couple the radar with the cameras. This software can be used
for automatic focusing of cameras, automatic guiding cameras to an object detected by the radar, tracking of the object
and localization of the object on the digital map as well as identification and alarming.
In this paper two essential issues connected with multispectral system are described. We focus on methodology of
selection of sensors parameters. We present usage of a spider-chart, which was adopted to the proposed methodology.
Next, we describe methodology of automation of the system regarding an object detection, tracking, identification,
localization and alarming.
The diode side pumped lasers heads for rod and slab active elements were elaborated and characterized under real pumping conditions. Model of side pumped laser elements of rod or slab shape enabling estimation of overlapping efficiency and threshold was developed. It was shown in experiments that the optical performance for both types of heads is delimited by transversal, asymmetrical thermal gradients resulting in high level of depolarization and diffraction losses. The fundamental mode limit is about 20 W per 1 cm for a head side pumped by single diode bar.
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