Hyperfine effects in Rydberg atom-based sensing have been observed for sensing polarization. However, in most work to date, the hyperfine structure involved in the radio frequency transition has been ignored because the residual Doppler widths realized in experiments are larger than the hyperfine energy splittings of the Rydberg states. Recently, we have proposed and demonstrated a collinear three photon scheme for Rydberg atom-based electrometry that has a greatly reduced residual Doppler width, < 500 kHz. In these experiments, we observe the effect of optical pumping and the hyperfine structure of the Rydberg states. We compare the 42P3/2 → 41D5/2 and 42P3/2 → 41D3/2 sensing transitions to show that Rydberg atom hyperfine structure effects can be observed at our spectral resolution. Hyperfine structure and optical pumping can alter the effective transition dipole moments on the sensing transition and can be used to detect polarization of the radio frequency field so our work is important for practical Rydberg atom electric field sensing.
In this paper, we describe methods for eliminating residual Doppler shifts and engineering vapor cells for specific applications in Rydberg atom-based electrometry. We have shown that a 3-photon co-linear scheme is able to reduce residual Doppler shifts to the order of magnitude of the Rydberg state decay times. Recently, we have carried out experiments using the approach and shown that sub-residual Doppler shift spectral line shapes can be obtained. We demonstrate spectral bandwidths of 500 kHz using the cesium 42P3/2 Rydberg state. We have also developed several types of novel vapor cells for Rydberg atom-based electrometry for applications in metrology. We discuss and describe our analysis of one of these vapor cells.
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