This work presents results of test series, performed for earlier on designed and successfully fabricated twisted silica fewmode microstructured optical fibers (MOF) with six GeO2-doped cores. While Part I introduces results of differential mode delay map measurements, Part II is focused on researches of spectral responses, measured for fiber Bragg gratings, recorded in these multi-core MOFs with core graded refractive index profiles and induced twisting 100 revolutions per meter. Specially setup for spectral response measurement for described complicated fiber optic element was developed, that provides selected alignment of matching singlemode optical fiber with particular single core of MOF via free space and reducing of reflection by precision 8 angle cleaving. Comparing analysis of measured spectral responses confirmed written FBGs in 2 of 6 cores, and demonstrated potentiality of fabricated complicated structure, containing multi-core MOF with FBG, for applications in multichannel fiber optic sensors with spatial division multiplexing technique.
The article is devoted to the study of issues related to the developments of methods for manufacturing 3D refractive index profiled fiber and fiber-compatible structures. Based on the results of the analysis of published works, it was established that there are no tested approaches with generality to solving this problem. Therefore, the method proposed by the authors seems relevant, which can be classified as a technique for bulk transformation of material properties, which makes it possible to approximately select, and then adjust (with refinement) the volumetric refractive index profile of the selected area to the simulated value. In this article, the authors present the results of the formation of a guiding structure along the boundary of a profiled area. The method of three-beam UV burning and the method of focused ion burning were studied. It has been found that in the second case, significant differences in the refractive index can be obtained. Therefore, the second method may be of interest for the manufacture of large-sized components.
In this article we present the results of an experimental study of a periodically poled lithium niobite (PPLN) crystal designed to generate sub-terahertz radiation based on the process of difference frequency generation using two optical carriers of close frequencies. This crystal was specially designed for this frequency range. The resulting generation efficiency turned out to be relatively low, however, here we present the proof of concept.
KEYWORDS: Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, Signal filtering, Modulation, Fourier transforms, Energy efficiency, Signal processing, Optical filters, Electronic filtering
This article proposes a method for improving energy efficiency by reducing the peak power of the emitted signal in systems with DFT-s-OFDM for fiber-optic segments of future mobile networks of the 5G and 6G generation, based on the use of an improved "raised cosine" shaping filter, as well as ZT-DFT-s-OFDM technology for improved energy efficiency. Various new waveforms and modulation schemes are presented that would be both energetically and spectrally efficient. The analysis of the ratio of the peak signal power level to the average level for signals with DFT-s-OFDM in its various modifications in radio-optic networks is presented, various technologies for the formation of DFT-s-OFDM are analyzed depending on the method of access to the subscriber, such as DFDMA, LFDMA and IFDMA, considering the bandwidth extension factor.
KEYWORDS: Modulation, Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, Radio over Fiber, Signal processing, Energy efficiency, Phase shift keying, Quadrature amplitude modulation, Optical fibers, Interference (communication), Distortion
Future 6G networks will be able to support a wide range of services with different technical requirements and in different frequency bands. To achieve this goal, the use of radio over fiber (RoF) technology is an important foundation for both the transport architecture and the hybrid radio-optical centralized architecture or 6G fronthaul cloud radio access network (CRAN). At the same time, the 6G generated signal processing technologies and modulation schemes must meet the stringent requirements of a mobile data network. In this paper we estimate energy efficiency of DFT-s-OFDM in RoF systems in terms of peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR).
The article discusses the possibilities of using holography for parallel transmission of information in communication channels. Existing channels use serial transmission. At the same time, there is an effect that can be considered as a parallel transmission of information – holography. To transmit a hologram over a communication channel, it is necessary to transpose the space-time matrix. In this case, the information is deployed in space, and two local points are used in time – the moment of the formation of the object and the moment of the formation of the hologram. One option is optical holography, where an array of lasers pointed at the receiver matrix forms an interference pattern on it. The second option is the use of radio holography, the third is the transfer of the communication channel from the space-time domain to the time-frequency domain. To do this, one can use the transfer of the information block into a linear array of the spectrum in the frequency domain (time-frequency transposition). In this case, the hologram is aligned in the frequency space – the shape of the hologram corresponding to the transmitted information block contains the signal spectrum. The approaches considered are a problem statement for developing methods for parallel holographic transmission and creating communication channels that practically do not have an upper bandwidth limit. The theoretical limit is the transmission rate of a hologram – the amount of information contained in a three-dimensional image of a complex object, within the duration of one period of an electromagnetic wave.
KEYWORDS: Modulation, Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, Signal processing, Radio over Fiber, Filtering (signal processing), Radio optics, Quadrature amplitude modulation, Networks, Electronic filtering, Frequency division multiplexing
6G mobile networks will support a wide range of services with different technical requirements and in different frequency bands. To achieve this goal, the use of radio-over-fiber (RoF) technology together with optical space division multiplexing (SDM) technology is an important basis for creating both a transport architecture and a hybrid radio-optical centralized architecture or cloud radio access network (C-RAN) 6G fronthaul. At the same time, the 6G signals processing technologies and the modulation schemes must meet the stringent requirements for a mobile data transmission network. The paper presents a study and simulation results of the process of signal conversion and retransmission with a promising data processing technology – DFT-s-OFDM with rotated QAM modulation over a fiber-optic line using RoF technology; a numerical estimation of PAPR level is also given.
The paper discusses a method of error-correcting coding based on the transfer of holographic coding of an arbitrary digital signal into the spectral range. The process of coding a code message consists in generating N radio pulses at orthogonal frequencies (a set of frequencies is determined by a holographic encoder for each message) by switching the outputs of N harmonic signal generators operating in a constant mode. The group signal is formed by summing the manipulated harmonics at the input of the transmitter amplifier or directly in the antenna. Signal decoding in the receiver is performed by calculating the spectrum of the received signal and applying an inverse holographic transform to it, which restores the value of the transmitted data block. Spectral holographic coding provides a 7-8 dB gain in noise immunity compared to coding the signal itself. Another advantage of the spectral code is the lower complexity of encoding and decoding when the redundancy is changed over a wide range, as well as high secrecy due to the use of a noise-like signal.
In this paper we present an effective and simple method of image compression based on spectral analysis rather than redundancy reduction. A significant portion of traffic transmitted over communication channels is static and dynamic images, and the volume of this traffic is growing at a faster rate than the capacity of communication channels is increasing. One of the ways to solve this problem is to compress the transmitted images. Data compression can be done in two ways – with and without loss of information. A distinctive feature of images as a form of information presentation is the presence of large internal redundancy, which allows the use of lossy compression methods. To exclude the loss of meaningful information, it is necessary to take into account the specifics of specific signals and divide them into groups according to the predominant concentration of information in the frequency or in spatial domain. To do this, one can use the analysis of the spatial spectrum of images and remove some part of the spectrum with an acceptable loss of information.
Twisted fibers provide interesting properties in terms of mode coupling relevant for optical multichannel systems. In this regard, the article provides an overview of the use of space division multiplexing (SDM) technology in radio over fiber data transmission systems in future high-speed scalable 6G wireless networks. The features of using the SDM technology in the radio access network are analyzed. The application of new specialized few-mode fibers in 6G networks for useful information transmission is proposed. The results of experimental and simulation studies of custom twisted (chiral) optical fibers designed for vortex mode generation/maintenance are also presented, which can be used as a basis for hybrid modulation development, using both temporal and spatial properties of the signal.
This work reports the results of bandwidth measurements and tests, performed for earlier on designed and fabricated pilot lengths of new silica laser-optimized graded-index multimode fibers (LOMFs) with extremely enlarged core diameter up to 100 μm and "typical" "telecommunication" cladding diameter 125 μm. Presented optical fibers are targeted for harsh environment short-range multi-Gigabit onboard cable systems and industrial networks. Proposed LOMF 100/125 differs by specially optimized graded refractive index profile, that provides low differential mode delay (DMD) for selected guided modes. We present some results of tests, performed for fabricated pilot 520 m length of described LOMF 100/125, focused on researches of bandwidth features. They contain DMD map and transfer function measurement as well as 10GBase-LX/SX channels eye-diagram and bit-error-ratio reports with following direct detection of the maximal acceptable optical fiber length for guaranteed 10Gbps channel supporting.
This work presents some results of pulse and spectral responses, performed for laser-excited pilot sample of earlier on designed and fabricated chiral silica few-mode optical fiber (FMF) with induced twisting 66 revolutions per meter (rpm), typical (for telecommunication optical fibers) cladding diameter 125 μm, weakly increased core diameter up to 11 μm and numerical aperture NA=0.22, corresponding to improved height of quasi-step refractive index profile. Described FMF 11/125 provides propagation of 4 and 6 guided modes over “C” and “O”-bands, respectively. We present results of tests, focused on researches of few-mode effects, occurring under laser-excited optical signal propagation over pilot sample optical fiber, and their influence on pulse and spectral responses, including some measurements, performed for fiber Bragg grating, recorded in tested FMF 11/125.
In this article the principle of instrumental (experimental) determination of the parameters of mode compositions of an optical signal propagating along an optical fiber is described. The measurement scheme is based on the use of a wellknown experimental setup designed to obtain the profile of the refractive index of an optical fiber. In addition to that setup, it is proposed to perform measurements for different angular positions of the investigated optical fiber, and for its different longitudinal positions. The proposed method is realizable in the case when the signal propagating through the optical fiber is characterized by increased intensity, which makes it possible to measure a nonlinear (Kerr) caused addition to the refractive index. It is proposed to calculate the desired mode weight coefficients by the method of probabilistic selection according to the developed method.
In this paper we present a brief analysis of existing materials and structures with quadratic-nonlinear optical properties that can be used to generate a difference frequency in both THz and sub-THz frequency ranges. This task is actual for future hybrid radio-over-fiber systems exploiting ultra high frequencies (6G etc.). It is shown that such a device may be of interest regarding the problems of generating (preparation) quantum-entangled states of photons, which can find application in high-performance computing and information systems. It is shown that the proposed concept of nonlinear optical-to-radio converter can be applied for entangled photons preparation as well.
The article provides an overview of the use of space division multiplexing (SDM) technology in radio-over-fiber (RoF) data transmission systems in future high-speed scalable 6G wireless networks. The features of using the SDM technology in the radio access network are analyzed. The application of new specialized few-mode fibers in 6G networks for the useful information transmission is proposed. The results of experimental studies of custom optical fibers designed for vortex mode generation are also presented.
In this article the principle of instrumental (experimental) determination of the parameters of mode compositions of an optical signal propagating along an optical fiber is described. The measurement scheme is based on the use of a wellknown experimental setup designed to obtain the profile of the refractive index of an optical fiber. In addition to that setup, it is proposed to perform measurements for different angular positions of the investigated optical fiber, and for its different longitudinal positions. The proposed method is realizable in the case when the signal propagating through the optical fiber is characterized by increased intensity, which makes it possible to measure a nonlinear (Kerr) caused addition to the refractive index. It is proposed to calculate the desired mode weight coefficients by the method of probabilistic selection according to the developed method.
In this paper the chiral fiber Bragg gratings (ChFBG) for generation of fiber modes carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM, vortex modes) are considered. Within the framework of the article, a generalized mathematical model of ChFBG is presented including an arbitrary function of apodization and chirping, which makes it possible to calculate gratings that form vortex modes of a given order for the required frequency range with the required reflection coefficient. In addition, a matrix method based on the mathematical apparatus of the coupled modes theory for describing ChFBG is proposed, simulation of the considered fiber structures is carried out.
In this paper, an alternative fiber-optic method for forming vortex modes based on a chiral (twisted) microstructured fiber is proposed. This fiber can be considered as a ring-core fiber with ring core formed by capillaries. Besides, optical fibers design for transmitting optical vortexes over long distances. i.e. a vortex-maintaining fiber is also proposed. This fiber is a multimode fiber with an extremely large core. A comparison of the different types of vortex generation and vortex-maintaining fibers is also given. Both proposed fibers can be used in Radio over Fiber systems applying vortex beams.
We propose and fabricate pilot lengths of two type microstructured optical fibers with chirality, induced during the drawing process under 10 and 66 revolutions per meter. The first one is microstructured fiber with geometry providing quasi-ring radial mode field distribution. So it imitates ring-core optical fiber properties by special formation of designed 2D-periodic structure. The second is fiber with hexagonal geometry and shifted core in relation to central axe. The work presents results of numerical analysis of fabricated samples, performed by rigorous numerical method. Here initial data were set via manufactured optical fiber end face images. We also reports some results of far field laser beam profile images, measured at the output of described fiber samples under laser source excitation at wavelength 1550 nm.
KEYWORDS: Signal generators, Radio optics, Radio over Fiber, Antennas, Modulation, Telecommunications, Fiber optics, Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, Prototyping, Channel projecting optics
This paper describes the operation of the prototype of the Radio-over-Fiber telecommunication system with the generation of OAM signals in the W-band. A method for generation both a radio and an optical OAM signal in RoF is proposed, a method for useful information transmission using OFDM technology in the considered system is described, an approach to converting optical vortexes into the radio domain is proposed, and a feedback channel simulation in RoF systems using OAM signals is carried out.
Apodization of the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is a smooth change in the modulation amplitude and alignment of the average value of the induced refractive index along the FBG. Apodization helps to reduce the lateral peaks that are present in the spectra of homogeneous fiber Bragg gratings. In this paper different apodization functions are considered and efficiency comparison of these functions is given.
KEYWORDS: Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, Signal attenuation, Modulation, Radio over Fiber, Signal to noise ratio, Signal processing, Non-line-of-sight propagation, Telecommunications, Atmospheric propagation, Systems modeling
In this paper we present advanced modulation and coding techniques for telecommunication systems based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing and Radio-over-fiber technologies operating in the subteraherz frequency range 75-110 GHz (W-band). The scheme for the Radio-over-fiber communication system based on full-optical frequency upconversion, and detailed description of the W-band wireless channel are presented. As a result, the main factors affecting the quality of the transmitted radio signal are identified, against which the developed modulation formats are aimed. Improving the efficiency of the Radio-over-fiber system is achieved in two stages: by reducing the interchannel interference due to the windowing of received signal, and reducing the peak-to-average power ratio by precoding the subcarrier frequencies of the group spectrum; by increasing the signal-to-noise ratio when using constellation rotation technique. Obtained simulation results showed that application of the proposed advanced modulation and precoding techniques in Radio-over-fiber systems provides the improvement of energy efficiency and noise immunity.
In this paper coupling of linearly polarized (LP) modes (forming an orthogonal basis of mode division multiplexing systems, MDM) caused by fiber cracks and cleavages is considered. Fiber cracks as well as bends and curves are unavoidable deformations and defects appearing during fiber exploitation. The physical origin of these cracks may vary: from technological flaws to exploitation factors including different stresses, temperature deviations, curves, longitudinal tension, pressure etc. The most common effect that cracks provide to classical multiplexed signals (WDM, FDM) is additional losses and reflection which can be measured by conventional reflectometer but it can be shown that any crack is itself also an additional transversal refraction index perturbation leading to the mode coupling and therefore to excitation of spurious modes. Consequently, in terms of MDM systems mode coupling becomes one of the important factors limiting MDM systems performance, so investigation of non-avoidable factors influence is a significant task: this aspect is a key factor of MDM systems implementation. Coupling of LP modes due propagation through fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) is also considered. FBG are widely used in a lot of telecom applications including PONs, AONs, DWDM systems, etc., so investigation of FBG influence on mode coupling is significant due to commercialization and establishment of MDM-systems.
In this article the propagation of soliton-like vortexes in the optical segment of Radio-over-Fiber system is considered. The approach is based on solution of nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NSE) for Kerr-type nonlinear medium. A numerical NSE solution for vortex solitons was obtained; simulation of the soliton-like vortexes propagation over an optical fiber was performed. Moreover, a phase-amplitude filter forming optical signals with a set orbital angular momentum state and polarization conserving during propagation through an optical fiber was simulated. The calculation of amplitude-phase filter was conducted based on spinor representation of Maxwell’s equations.
In this article the basic information about the whispering gallery modes (WGM) concerning questions of mathematical description, properties of whispering gallery resonators (WGR), methods of radiation coupling into resonators, resonators manufacture methods, and possible applications in the field of optical communication systems is considered. A brief history of WGM discovery is presented, and the main properties and characteristics of such resonators and modes are discussed. The main goal of this work is to survey the field of WG modes that is becoming more and more attractive due to their interesting and exciting properties with accordance to possible applications in passive optical components development as well as in design of active components such as lasers and modulators.
In this paper physical effects caused by macro- and micro bends of optical fiber including additional mode-dependent loss, mode coupling and spurious mode excitation in fiber MDM-system are considered. The effects described below can dramatically decrease capacity and maximum data rate in such systems because of inevitability of fiber bends due to system exploitation thus making MDM-system commercialization much more difficult and expensive. Mathematical approach used to describe these effects and applied in the simulation model is based on well- known refractive index profile approximation [1] of bent step-index fibers and mathematical field coupling model [8].
In this paper we introduce a novel method for mode-coupling compensation in MDM systems based on the adaptive optics. This approach is intended to minimize significantly the computational complexity required for digital signal processing, because only computation of diffraction optical element transmission function is performed and no real time signal processing is required to compensate for intermodal interference. Therefore, existing challenges of MIMO MDM systems, such as DSP performance limits and increasing power consumption, might be overcome.
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