We demonstrate optical-to-microwave conversion using a yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) sphere. The spin mode in the ferrimagnetic material can interact with both microwave and optical light and mediate conversions between the two. In the conversion system, the generated microwave has clear dependence on the polarization angle of the infrared laser input. We also demonstrate conversion in a cryogenic environment, where microwave measurement precision is enhanced due to reduced noise.
We propose a coincidence measurement scheme of combining on-off and photon number resolving (PNR) detectors to discriminate the presence or absence of a low-reflectivity target using Gaussian entangled states in a strong thermal-noise environment. We show that, for coincidence counting, it is better to take the PNR detector on a signal mode and the on-off detector on an idler mode than to take the other way, which can exhibit a similar performance of the coincidence counting using PNR detectors.
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