The most promising type of micro-optical gyro is a resonator gyroscope. At the same time, the principle of operation of all prototypes of resonator micro-optical gyroscopes developed to date involves scanning a passive ring resonator in frequency. We devoted this work to a new approach to the construction and operation principle of a resonator micro-optical gyroscope. This approach does not require scanning a passive ring resonator in frequency and is realized through the use of a Mach–Zehnder modulator with a passive ring resonator connected to one of its arms. It was shown that, with this approach, the angular velocity can be determined, first, by the difference between the maxima and minima of the radiation power at the output of the Mach–Zehnder modulator when the optical length of one of its arms is modulated and, second, by the displacement of these maxima and minima. A common drawback of all considered angular velocity measurement methods utilizing the Mach–Zehnder modulator is the limited measurement range. For the resonator considered in this paper, the measurement range is of the order of ±1500 rad / s.
We report the results of analysis of ways of application of nanostructured metasurfaces in rotation angle sensor (angle encoders). The dependence of optical properties of nanostructured metasurfaces upon their orientation relative to the incident optical radiation service as the basis of the study. The metasurfaces’ response to the incident radiation allows to judged on the mutual orientation of the radiation source and the metasurface. This allows to use metasurfaces as angle encoder scales. We discuss the possibility of using of amplitude and phase response of different types of metasurfaces. The main attention is paid to metasurfaces in the form of plasmonic nanorods, Pancharatnam–Berry elements and Cshaped antennas. The overall dimensions of the scales of angular encoders based on metasurfaces (width and length or diameter) can be tens of microns or less. Thus, the use of metasurfaces in angular encoders allows to reduce their size by orders of magnitude. Alongside, the use of metasurfaces should allow to realize non-contact measurements of the rotation angle (when only the scale based on the metasurface is placed on the controlled object or a part of an object itself acts as a scale) and to implement an absolute rotation angle sensor without significant increase of its size and manufacture complexity.
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