We propose a novel hemoglobin fiber-optic sensor which is based on the evanescent field of side-polished fiber. It is functionalized with a thin-layer of a hemoglobin-sensitive graphene oxide (GO) coating on a side polished optical fiber. The trace of hemoglobin concentration was measured by the variations in transmitted light intensity and the optical properties of graphene oxide. The sensor output was obtained successfully in response to hemoglobin concentration and sucrose concentrations. The side-polished fiber with GO film exhibited real- time and remote measurement of hemoglobin concentration with high precision.
We propose a fiber-optic sensor structure for simultaneous strain and temperature monitoring in cryogenic conditions. The polymer coated fiber Bragg grating sensor makes it a suitable candidate for cryogenic temperature measurement. FBG have been shown to have an enhanced sensitivity of 48 pm °C-1 from -185 to 25 °C. The cross-sensitivity problem has been solved by introducing a glass capillary tube to encapsulate the coated FBG. The thermal expansion of capillary material was compensated by cleaving the one end of FBG free and the other end with the temperature resistant epoxy resins. Experiments results validate the proposed method can successfully monitor the strain and temperatures at cryogenic temperatures.
We propose a novel aqueous ethanol fiber-optic sensor which is based on Fresnel reflection. It is functionalized with a thin-layer of an ethanol-sensitive graphene oxide (GO) coating on a single mode optical fiber end. The trace of ethanol concentration was measured by the variations in Fresnel reflection intensity and the optical properties of graphene oxide. The sensor output was obtained successfully in response to aqueous ethanol concentration from 20% to 100%. The fiber end with GO film exhibited real- time and remote measurement of ethanol concentration with high precision.
Icing causes substantial problems in the integrity of large-scale wind turbines. In this work, a fiber-optic sensor system for detection of icing with an arrayed waveguide grating is presented. The sensor system detects Fresnel reflections from the ends of the fibers. The transition in Fresnel reflection due to icing gives peculiar intensity variations, which categorizes the ice, the water, and the air medium on the wind turbine blades. From the experimental results, with the proposed sensor system, the formation of icing conditions and thickness of ice were identified successfully in real time.
Low thermal sensitivity and cross sensitivity of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) towards the applied strain, temperature make FBG implementation complicated in composite materials at cryogenic conditions. In order to alleviate this problem, our work focuses on simultaneous strain and temperature monitoring inside the composite material at cryogenic temperatures. The temperature sensitive polymer coating on an FBG sensor makes it a suitable candidate for cryogenic temperature measurement. The average temperature sensitivity of 48 pm °C-1 was obtained in -180 ~ 25 °C. In addition, the cross sensitivity problem has been adjusted by introducing a glass capillary tube to encapsulate the FBG. The thermal expansion of capillary material was compensated by cleaving the one end of FBG free and the other end with the temperature resistant epoxy resins. Experiments results validate that the proposed method can successfully monitor the strain and temperature factors that can be applied to composite material at cryogenic temperatures.
We present an advanced demodulation technique for a fiber-optics interferometric current transducer. A quadrature sampling method with internal triggers was adopted for structural simplification and cost-effective phase demodulation. The internal triggers for quadrature signal processing were generated at zero crossing points of an ac-coupled reference signal, which was distinguished from the current-induced interference signal by utilizing fiber Bragg grating. Phase variation was extracted from the arctangent demodulation process. The proposed technique demonstrated accurate and stable phase demodulations performance and better than that of the conventional lock-in amp demodulation.
A fiber-optic multi-stress monitoring system which uses 4 FBG sensors and a fiber-optic mandrel acoustic emission sensor is proposed. FBG sensors and a mandrel sensor measure different types of stresses occurring in electrical power transformer, such as temperature and acoustic signals. The sensor system uses single broadband light source to address the outputs of both sensors using single fiber-optic circuitry. An athermal-packaged FBG is used to supply quasi-coherent light for the Sagnac interferometer demodulation which processes the mandrel sensor output. The proposed sensor system could simplify the optical circuit for the multi-stress measurements and enhance the cost-effectiveness of the sensor system.
In this paper, Fresnel reflection based fiber-optic sensor for the real-time monitoring of cryogenic temperature is presented. The proposed sensor system utilizes a linear thermo-optic coefficient of polymer and Fresnel reflection of the fiber end. Epoxy resin and poly methyl metha acrylate (PMMA) are used as sensor head material. The designed sensor head measures the temperature ranging from -180°C to 25°C with an average sensitivity of 0.039dB/°C for epoxy resin and 0.029dB/°C for PMMA. Experimental results have proven the stability and the effectiveness of the proposed sensor system to measure the applied cryogenic temperatures.
A fiber-optic epoxy cure monitoring technique for efficient wind turbine blade manufacturing and monitoring is presented. To optimize manufacturing cycle, fiber-optic sensors are embedded in composite materials of wind turbine blades. The reflection spectra of the sensors indicate the onset of gelification and the completion of epoxy curing. After manufacturing process, the same sensors are utilized for in-field condition monitoring. Because of residual stresses and strain gradients from the curing process, the embedded sensors may experience distortions in reflection spectra, resulting in measurement errors. We applied a Gaussian curve-fitting algorithm to the distorted spectra, which substantially improved the measurement accuracy.
A hybrid fiber-optic sensor system which combines fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors and a Michelson interferometer is suggested for condition monitoring uses of large scale wind turbine blades. The system uses single broadband light source to address both sensors, which simplifies the optical setup and enhances the cost-effectiveness of condition monitoring system. An athermal-packaged FBG is used to supply quasi-coherent light for the Michelson interferometer demodulation. For the feasibility test, different profiles of test strain, temperature and vibration have been applied to test structures, and successfully reconstructed with the proposed sensor system.
An epoxy cure monitoring system has been constructed by combining fiber grating sensors and Fresnel reflection monitoring. The sensors measure strain and refractive index variations during the curing process, indicating the onset of gelification, the progress, and the end of curing. We used a wavelength-swept laser source to address both types of sensors. The signals from different sensors could be easily separated, resulting in simple optical setup and increased efficiency. The fiber grating sensors are demodulated by a spectrometer. The output fluctuation in the Fresnel reflection was compensated by referencing it with the tapped output of light source.
We propose a fiber Bragg grating laser sensor system for possible uses in large scale wind turbine blades’ condition monitoring. The measurement instability due to the sensitive multi-wavelength lasing has been greatly improved by employing a polarization scrambling in the lasing cavity and a spectrometer demodulator. With suggested technique, we obtained 100% of data acquisition rate from all the 4 FBG laser sensors along single fiber-optic cable. Also the noise characteristics of the sensor outputs have improved 4 times more than the previous system.
We propose a laser sensor system which uses fiber Bragg gratings as laser cavity mirrors as well as sensors. With a spectrometer demodulation, a low-cost, more robust, and faster sensor functions have been demonstrated compared with the conventional wavelength-swept laser demodulation. Some of the multiple FBG sensors showed unstable lasing characteristics, leading to missing measurands. Polarization scrambling has been used to alleviate the problem. With fast polarization disturbances in the fiber-optic laser cavity, more FBG sensor outputs could be generated consistently and data acquisition rate has increased more than 5 times.
For condition monitoring of high-voltage power transformers, a fiber-optic multi-stress sensing system is suggested by combining fiber grating sensors and mandrel sensors embedded in a fiber-optic Sagnac interferometer. The gratings and the mandrel sensors measure the temperature and the vibrations at multi-locations in a power transformer. To separate and demodulate the sensor outputs, we used a wavelength-sweeping laser source and placed a fiber-optic attenuator in the Sagnac loop, which enabled to separate the Bragg wavelengths from the transmission spectrum. The temperature and vibrations of multi-locations could be measured at the same time by using optical circuit and single signal processing unit.
A fiber grating sensor system for use in condition monitoring of wind turbine blades is constructed. A rotary optical
joint was used to connect the fiber grating sensors to the non-rotating signal processing unit with moderate insertion loss.
The Bragg wavelengths were interrogated by a spectrometer demodulator which consisted of a volume phase grating and
a 512-pixel photo-detector array. Using the constructed sensor system, various strain/temperature measuring experiments
have been performed. We applied fiber grating sensors at different locations on the wind turbine blade. Different types of
strain, stroke, and temperature variations were applied to the sensors and the results were analyzed according to the
sensor locations and the blade's rotary speed.
We used a bimetallic strip to increase the sensitivity of a fiber Bragg grating temperature sensor. The temperatureinduced
deflection of the strip strained the FBG sensor, increasing the Bragg wavelength shift in addition to the
temperature-induced one. The total Bragg wavelength shift is about 4 times larger than that of the intrinsic FBG
temperature sensor. With experiments in various conditions, the sensitivity characteristics according to the bimetal
parameters were analyzed and the feasibility of the suggested sensor has been shown
For condition monitoring of large scale electrical power transformers, a fiber-optic multi-stress sensor system was
constructed by combining fiber-optic acoustic sensors and fiber Bragg grating temperature sensors in a fiber-optic
Sagnac interferometer. To separate the grating signals from the interferometer output, an attenuator was placed at an
asymmetrical position in the Sagnac loop. By balancing the counter propagating light intensities with the attenuator, the
background noises could be suppressed to obtain grating signals with enough signal-to-noise ratio. With the preliminary
experiments, the temperature and the vibration information at multiple locations could be measured simultaneously with
single optical circuit and signal processing unit.
We propose a novel FBG (fiber Bragg grating) sensor system that uses a tunable wavelength laser and a
volume phase grating spectrometer. The effect of nonlinear wavelength scanning and uneven power profile
of the fiber laser, which substantially degrades the measurement accuracy, is minimized by using a
spectrometer demodulation. The constructed sensor system showed linear output according to the Bragg
wavelength variation, and showed much higher signal-to-noise ratio compared to the conventional
spectrometer demodulation which used much dimmer broadband light sources.
We constructed a FBG (fiber Bragg grating) sensor system based on a fiber-optic Sagnac interferometer. A fiber-optic
laser source is used as a strong light source to attain high signal-to-noise ratio. However the unstable output power and
coherence noises of the fiber laser made it hard to separate the FBG signals from the interference signals of the fiber
coils. To reduce noises and extract FBG sensor signals, we used a Gaussian curve-fitting and a wavelet transform. The
wavelet transform is a useful tool for analyzing and denoising output signals. The feasibility of the wavelet transform
denoising process is presented with the preliminary experimental results, which showed much better accuracy than the
case with only the Gaussian curve-fitting algorithm.
Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors are employed in a fiber-optic Sagnac interferometer sensor to measure multi-stress
information of electric power systems. By using the hybrid sensor configuration, it was possible to measure the
temperature and the vibration signal in an insulating transformer oil bath at the same time. A novel fiber-optic Sagnac
interferometer design and a signal processing technique were used to separate the FBG sensor signals from the
interference signal. The preliminary experimental results are presented to show the feasibility of the sensor system.
We suggest a spectrometer demodulation method of FBG sensors for the possible uses in wind power generator's blade
monitoring. High signal-to-noise ratio outputs and linear demodulation were obtained by combining a fiber laser light
source and a spectrometer which used a holographic volume grating and a 512-pixel PD array. Preliminary experimental
results are presented to show the feasibility of the suggested FBG demodulation system.
We propose a fiber-optic interferometric CT that uses a time-delayed sampling signal processing to extract
the current-induced phase information. The interference signal of the reflection type Sagnac sensor coil is
sampled with a carefully adjusted time delay. And the phase is extracted by using an arctangent
demodulation. The accuracy comparison between the proposed and a lock-in amplifier demodulation showed
the feasibility of the proposed technique. Also the outputs from a flint glass sensor coil and a standard fiber
sensor coil were compared in the same condition, proving the low birefringence of the flint glass shows the
better performance. The phase measurement accuracy of the proposed demodulation technique was about
8.09 mrad.
We propose an efficient phase stabilization/shifting technique for the use in fiber-optic ESPI system by using a Fuzzy PID controller. To obtain required phase steps between the CCD captured speckle patterns, we implemented a Fuzzy-logic-based PID controller which is known as more suitable for nonlinear, time-delayed, and vague systems. Phase steps with a quarter-wave phase difference, which are required for four phase step methods, are continuously generated by a closed-loop switching and a synchronization signal. From the experimental results, the Fuzzy controller system has shown the faster and more accurate phase stabilization and continuously generated the four phase shifting in the presence of ambient temperature drift and vibration.
A reliable distributed temperature monitoring is very important for electric power systems because a power system failure will result in an enormous loss of life and property. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, which have been studied intensively for last decade, can be very efficient tools for these applications because they are immune to EMI and can be highly multiplexed, which enables efficient quasi-distributed temperature sensing along tens of km range. We constructed a FBG sensor array system for temperature monitoring of power cables. For reliable sensor implementation, the FBG array is embedded in a metal tube which protects sensors from external disturbances and enables easy installment by soldering. The temperature-induced Bragg wavelength variations are accurately monitored by a scanned tunable wavelength filter. Differential measurement with a temperature stabilized reference grating and a curve fitting algorithm has been used to enhance measurement accuracy in temperature range of 25°C~70°C.
Recently, fiber-optic current sensor technology has reached a degree of maturity to compete with conventional instrument transformers. However, it has not been commercialized until quite recently because of a few instability issues, such as linear birefringence effect in the fiber-optic sensor coil and intensity noises caused by optical light sources and components. In this paper, we report on research efforts we performed to address these issues. Firstly we used different optical sources, such as an ASE source, a F-P multimode LD, and a DFB singlemode LD, to compare the effects by the light sources. Also we used different optical fibers, such as flint glass fiber, with different reflection mirrors. From the experimental results, we obtained output variation down to 1% in the presence of mechanical disturbances and the broadband source showed the best noise characteristics about 13~23 dB better than LDs. The details of the experiments with other design parameters are also presented.
We present a novel interrogation method to measure wavelength shifts in fiber Bragg grating sensor array. A fiber laser tuned by an intracavity FP (Fabry-Perot) filter was used to interrogate Bragg wavelength variations. To solve the linearity, stability, and accuracy problems caused by the nonlinear response of FP filter, we calculated the wavelength variation of the fiber laser using quadrature signal processing with an unbalanced M/Z (Mach-Zehnder) interferometer and time-delayed sampling technique. The phase modulated interferometric signal is sampled with time delay, generating quadrature phase-delayed signals. By applying arctangent demodulation and phase unwrapping algorithm to the signals, accurate wavelength readout is performed. The calculated wavelengths are mapped to corresponding temporal reflection peaks from the sensor array, which enables more accurate fiber grating interrogation without the problems from the FP filter’s nonlinear response. The wavelength resolution of ~ 20 pm was obtained in our experimental setup, which could have been greatly enhanced with faster phase modulation.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.