KEYWORDS: Optimization (mathematics), Velocity measurements, Velocimetry, Combustion, Signal detection, Image segmentation, Image processing, Turbulence, Signal to noise ratio
The shape of OHp tagging signal line is complicated and changeable under the interaction of turbulence and combustion in HTV velocity measurement of scramjet combustion flow field. The light intensity distribution on the OHp tagging line is modulated, and the broadening degree is not consistent with the Gaussian distribution, so an optimal extraction method based on Hessian matrix is presented. Using the Hessian matrix, the gray distribution function on the cross-section of the tagging line is expanded in the normal direction by the second-order Taylor, and the precise position of the center line is obtained. Compared with line-by-line Gaussian fitting method, this method has better anti-distortion and anti-noise performance. The accurate extraction method of OHp molecular information is applied to the HTV velocity measurement technology in the scramjet combustion flow field, which improves the precision of the extraction and the accuracy of the HTV velocity measurement. It lays a foundation for the development and application of HTV.
For the purpose of measuring the flow velocity in a scramjet test model, an special designed measurement system was established, including the strong vibration suppression, optical transport consideration, the movable device etc. The interference of the strong vibration to the velocity measurements was avoided by two ICCD cameras capturing the reference tag lines image and moved tag lines image together during an experiment. According to the tag lines image feature, data processing including correlation algorithm, data fitting by a Gauss function were used respectively to extract the positions of the reference tag lines and the moved tag lines. The velocity measurements were carried out at the isolation section and the cavity section. The results showed that the well SNR could be achieved in the H2/air combustion heating flow, but in the kerosene fuel combustion flow, the measurements images might be interfered by the strong OH background from the chemical reaction, and the signal intensity could be reduced due to the tag laser attenuation through the absorption by kerosene vapor. But when the combustor model was run at a low chemical equivalent, the interference could be suppressed to an accepted level.
In order to achieve the two-dimensional (2-D) velocity measurement of a flow field at extreme condition, a 2-D interferometric Rayleigh scattering (IRS) velocimetry using a multibeam probe laser was developed. The method using a multibeam probe laser can record the reference interference signal and the flow interference signal simultaneously. What is more, this method can solve the problem of signal overlap using the laser sheet detection method. The 2-D IRS measurement system was set up with a multibeam probe laser, aspherical lens collection optics, and a solid Fabry–Perot etalon. A multibeam probe laser with 0.5-mm intervals was formed by collimating a laser sheet passing through a cylindrical microlens arrays. The aspherical lens was used to enhance the intensity of the Rayleigh scattering signal. The 2-D velocity field results of a Mach 1.5 air flow were obtained. The velocity in the flow center is about 450 m/s. The reconstructed results fit well with the characteristic of flow, which indicate the validity of this technique.
With the concern of environmental protection and reducing the fossil fuel consumption, combustion processes need to be more efficient and less contaminable. Therefore, the ability to obtain important thermophysical parameters is crucial to combustion research and combustor design. Traditional surveying techniques were difficult to apply in a confined space, especially the physically intrusions of detectors can alter the combustion processes. Laser-based diagnostic techniques, like CARS, SVRS, PLIF and TDLAS, allow the in situ, non-intrusive, spatially and temporally resolved measurements of combustion parameters in hostile environments. We report here a new non-intrusive optical diagnostic technique, based on laser-induced thermal grating. Thermal gratings generated in NO2/N2 binary mixtures, arise from the nonlinear interaction between the medium and the light radiation from the interference of two pulsed, frequency-doubled Nd:YAG lasers (532 nm). This leads to the formation of a dynamic grating through the resonant absorption and the subsequent collisional relaxation. By the temporally resolved detection of a continuous wave, frequency-doubled Nd:YVO4 probe laser beam (671 nm) diffracted by LITG. The temporal behavior of the signal is a function of the local temperature and other properties of gas, various parameters of the target gas can be extracted by analyzing the signal. The accurate singleshot temperature measurements were carried out at different test conditions using a stainless steel pressurized cell, data averaged on 100 laser shots were compared with simultaneously recorded thermocouple data, and the results were consistent with each other. The LITG signal is shown to grow with increasing the gas pressure and is spatially coherent, which makes the LITG thermometry technique a promising candidate in high pressure environments.
Laser diagnostic techniques play an important role in combustion research. Four laser-based measurement techniques are developed for harsh combustion environments. In the measurements of aeroengine turbine combustor, two dimension temperature distribution of a interior cross-section was obtained by self-designed 2D-scan coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering (CARS) system, and the main species concentration in the region above the primary hole were measured by spontaneous vibration Raman scattering (SVRS). In the investigations of a supersonic combustor, the line-of-sight averaged temperature was on-line acquired by tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) technique, and the velocity components near the exit of combustor were obtained by single line hydroxyl tagging velocimetry (HTV). These measurement activities demonstrate that laser diagnostic techniques have well performance in harsh environments, such as unclean combustion, strong vibration and high background emission. These diagnostic techniques can provide useful experimental data for validating computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model and evaluating combustor characteristics.
A mobile diagnostic system based on Unstable-resonator Spatially Enhanced Detection Coherent anti-Stokes Raman
Scattering (USED CARS) geometry was established, which was used for temperature measurements in a model
supersonic combustor. The temporal and spatial resolution of this mobile CARS system are 10ns and Ф0.1mm×5mm
respectively. Single pulse nitrogen CARS spectrum with high signal to noise ratio(SNR) were obtained at the exhaust of
model combustor through high stability optical design, and the temperatures were acquired by Levenberg-Marquarat
fitting algorithm. The mean temperature of the unstable combustion is 1412K, and the mean temperature of the stable
combustion is 1705K.
Laser induced fluorescence has the potential to get two dimension temperature and concentration map in combustion. For understanding the fluorescence technology exactly, A detailed experiment has been developed to investigate the fluorescence spectrum. The time variation of spectrum is first presented by changing the pump-probe time delay. And this is followed by demonstrate the response of fluorescence to laser excitation. As showed by the experiment result, The intensity ratio of the (1, 1) and (0, 0) fluorescence band was varied both with time and the exiting laser line, we attribute this phenomenon to the difference rotational distribution of excited OH. And the new rule, which exciting a specific rotational level in the A2Σ(υ ' =1) excited state from two difference rotational levels in the X 2Π(υ " = 0) ground state, was experimental confirmed, and this will be a foundation to the future two line laser induced fluorescence thermometry.
The velocity components of the high temperature high speed flow produced by a simulative device were diagnosed by single-line hydroxyl tagging velocimetry. The simulative device was driven by H2/air combustion gas, worked like a shock tube, held about 10-ms. The HTV tagging lines were put after the exit of device, and the experimental images at flow’s different regions were acquired through changing the tagging lines’ positions corresponding to the exit of device. And the velocity components along the device axis on tagging lines were calculated from the images. The results indicated that the velocity values of the flow in compress region were much slower than those in expansion region. Between the flow’s first expansion and compress regions, the velocity values at center were higher than those at both sides, but in the flow’s second expansion region, the velocity values at center were slower than that at both sides.
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