In neurosurgical operations, such as cerebral aneurysm clipping, bypass surgery and arteriovenous malformations, monitoring of cerebral blood flow is critically important. Currently, surgeons do not have real-time noninvasive methods for intraoperative visualization of cerebral blood flow. Laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI), widely used in the diagnosis of blood flow, may be promising for solving this problem. In the present study, the LSCI was demonstrated for the evaluation of acute cerebral blood flow abnormalities in laboratory animals. To visualize cerebral blood flow, the rats underwent cranial trepanation. The disruption of cerebral blood circulation was simulated by clamping both common carotid arteries through the neck approach. A specially designed LSCI system was used to assess blood flow. A distinct reduction in blood flow in the cerebral cortex after carotid artery clipping was shown, which lasted for 10 min continuously. At the same time, a more intensive blood flow decrease was observed in the right hemisphere, which can be related to the blood supply of the left hemisphere through the circle of Willis. After the clips were removed, blood flow in both hemispheres was restored to a level higher than the initial level. The results obtained show the prospects of using LSCI for the control of acute disorders of cerebral blood flow during neurosurgical operations in real-time.
The article is devoted to the analysis of skin perfusion oscillation processes with wild-type and synuclein-deficient mice with three knockout (KO) types: αγ-KO, β-KO, and αβγ-KO. The role of synucleins in tissues that exclude the central nervous system remains sparsely studied. Laser Doppler flowmetry was used to investigate the potential involvement of synucleins in murine microcirculation functioning This method is widely used to analyze microcirculatory disturbances in a variety of pathologies and has proven to be sensitive to the manifestation of abnormalities of normal function. The study revealed that deficiency of β-synuclein affects oscillation processes more than αγ-synuclein deficiency.
Understanding of acute respiratory pathology is critically important. We assess dynamics of cerebral cortex blood flow and tissue changes at the pathology in rats. Rapid blood flow centralization and irreversible brain tissue lesions are observed
This study is devoted to the trials of wearable diagnostic system that implements the laser Doppler flowmetry technique to analyse the blood microcirculation. We do preliminary test with involvement of limited group of healthy volunteers of different age and in patients with type 2 diabetes. During the series of measurements, the microcirculation parameters was measured for 10 minutes in the palmar surfaces of the big toes and in the inner sides of the upper thirds of the shins. A statistically significant differences was found in bypass index, nutritive and shunt blood ow in shins between older group of volunteers and patients' group as well as in shunt blood flow in fingers between younger and older groups of volunteers.
Early diagnostics of microcirculation complications is an important area for biomedical photonics application. The blood perfusion measurements are capable of identification of particular markers for diagnostics of many pathological conditions of blood microcirculation in the skin. In this work, we apply the laser Doppler flowmetry method with the ability to record and process the power spectra of registered photocurrent. This approach provides the estimation of signal amplitude distribution along with the frequencies of Doppler-broadened laser radiation and blood perfusion distribution. In this work, we investigate the blood ow in the skin by the time- frequency analysis of the recorded laser Doppler spectra. The conducted studies allowed us to propose new diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 2 complications. The diagnostic parameters have been tested together with binary classifiers based on the linear discriminant analysis and demonstrated to be able to successfully distinguish the groups of volunteers of different age and patients with microvascular complications.
Liposomal particles are used as an instrument for drug delivery and as fluorescent labels. Due to its properties, liposomal particles can be used as a dual-purpose contrast agent both in fluorescence imaging, laser speckle contrast imaging and ultrasound diagnostics. Liposomes obtained by one purpose but subsequently contained a fluorescent label or air. This work aimed to prepare liposomal particles and to study possibilities of its application for the dual-use in fluorescence spectroscopy and ultrasound diagnostics. In this work, we used fluorescence spectroscopy to investigate the efficiency of propagation in the circulatory system of fluorescent-labelled liposome nanocapsules loaded with eosin-Y (disodium salt of 2,4,5,7 tetrabromofluorescein These results demonstrate that liposomal particles can be used in fluorescence spectroscopy, in ultrasound diagnostics and in LSCI. It may find the application in the field of drug delivery control and high-throughput screening during drug development.
The article is aimed at conducting pilot studies of microcirculation changes in patients with diabetes mellitus during the course of intravenous infusions of alpha lipoic acid. The study was conducted with patients with diabetes during the passage of a standard course of treatment. The change in parameters was compared before the start of the infusion course, during and after the course. A system of wearable laser Doppler monitors was used to conduct the study. The study showed that although the microcirculation index does not undergo significant changes during the treatment process, spectral analysis of the recorded signal has potential applicability. Further studies with a larger sample group are required for a qualitative analysis of the observed effects.
The aim of the study was to compare the metabolic activity of brain cortex after the acute hypoxia caused by the impairment of breathing or blood circulation. Male Wistar rats were randomized in two groups: impaired breathing and blood circulation failure groups. Fluorescence under 365 and 450 nm excitation and diffuse reflectance intensity at 550-820 nm range were estimated. We found that after long-term hypoxic conditions, notable metabolic changes occur. We suppose that oxygen deficiency causes an activation of the GABA shunt mechanism. In cases of blood circulation failure, fluorescence intensity changes faster than in cases of breathing impairment.
Presently, in the modern laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) the distribution of blood perfusion and its changes along the Doppler shift frequencies are simply ignored and/or not properly addressed. Utilizing the registered power spectrum of photocurrent, we introduce an LDF signal processing approach suitable for expanding of diagnostic capabilities of the technique. In particular, we demonstrate that it is possible to determine how the oscillations of blood ow (cardiac, breathe, myogenic, etc.) are distributed along the Doppler shift frequency. Wavelet analysis is utilized to extract the oscillations corresponded to the particular frequency sub-bands of blood perfusion. The main purpose of this study is to identify influence of local pressure by fiber optic probe on cardiac oscillations and their distribution along frequency of Doppler shift.
Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) was used for detection of age-related changes in the blood microcirculation. The LDF signal was simultaneously recorded from the 3rd fingers' pads of both hands. Amplitudes of the blood flow oscillations and wavelet coherence of the signals were used for the data analysis. A statistical difference in the synchronisation of myogenic oscillations was found between the two studied age groups. Myogenic oscillations of blood perfusion in the younger group had a higher wavelet coherence parameter than in the older group. Observed site-specific and age-related differences in blood perfusion can be used in the future in the design of experimental studies of the blood microcirculation system in patients with different pathologies.
The paper describes the methodology and technical implementation of a multimodal approach for optical diagnostics in hepatopancreatobiliary organs focal and diffuse neoplasms. Fine needle aspiration biopsy technique and following cytological examination show its effectiveness and safety but its performing takes several days. However, the problem of real-time analysis of pathological changes in tissues remains relevant. The solution suggested is implementing of optical biopsy methods (namely fluorescence spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy) in the form of fiber-optic probe compatible with standard biopsy fine needles. The special device was designed for this purpose to conduct optical measurements and compare the results with ones obtained by conventional biopsy. The proposed methodology seems promising for developing new diagnostic criteria for clinical practice.
The growing interest in the development of new wearable electronic devices for mobile healthcare provides great opportunities for the development of methods for assessing blood perfusion in this direction. Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is one of the promising methods. A fine analysis of capillary blood ow structure and rhythm in the time and frequency domains, coupled with a new possibility of round-the-clock monitoring can provide valuable diagnostic information about the state of microvascular blood ow. In this study, wearable implementation of laser Doppler flowmetry was utilised for microcirculatory function assessment in patients with diabetes and healthy controls of two distinct age groups. Four wearable laser Doppler flowmetry monitors were used for the analysis of blood microcirculation. Thirty-seven healthy volunteers and 18 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus participated in the study. The results of the studies have shown that the average perfusion differs between healthy volunteers of distinct age groups and between healthy volunteers of the younger age group and patients with diabetes mellitus. It was noted that the average level of perfusion measured on the wrist in the two groups of healthy volunteers has no statistically significant differences found in similar measurements on the fingertips. The wearable implementation of LDF can become a truly new diagnostic interface to monitor cardiovascular parameters, which could be of interest for diagnostics of conditions associated with microvascular disorders.
Diagnosis and treatment of acute destructive pancreatitis is one of the most urgent problems of abdominal surgery. To obtain additional diagnostic information about the microcirculation state and metabolic processes, various imaging techniques are widely used during surgical interventions. One of the most perspective techniques for in vivo microcirculation assessment is laser speckle-contrast imaging (LSCI), allowing for evaluation of blood perfusion. The experimental results showed the possibility to evaluate the blood perfusion of the mouse pancreas in the simulation of ischemia using the LSCI method.
At present, fluorescence spectroscopy (FS) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) are widespread methods highly used in medical practice. The combined application of these methods is a promising tool to improve the predictive force of classifiers for tissue type recognition as well as to compensate the attenuation of the fluorescence radiation by blood for the accurate evaluation of the biomarkers content in living tissue. Several techniques are known to normalize the resulting fluorescence spectrum in order to exclude the attenuation effect. In this study, an approach based on the dividing of the experimentally obtained FS spectrum by DRS spectrum has been applied for experiments with occlusion test. The implemented multimodal approach for the in vivo optical measurements in combination with occlusion test for minimisation of blood influence has shown good repeatability of obtained experimental fluorescence spectra. The results are of particular interest for the further development of methods for compensating the influence of chromophores in optical spectroscopy.
Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) was utilized to assess age-related changes in the blood microcirculation at the skin sites with different morphology and regulation. The LDF signals obtained from the glabrous skin of the middle finger pad and nonglabrous skin on the dorsal wrist surface were analyzed. Statistically higher baseline perfusion was observed in the zone with glabrous skin in the older group of volunteers compared to younger participants. Observed site-specific and age-related differences in perfusion can be used in the future experimental design for the studies of the blood microcirculation system in patients with different pathologies.
Videocapillaroscopy (VCS) and laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) are non-invasive methods for evaluating microcirculation parameters. The VCS method is based on a high-speed video recording of capillaries in the nailfold. The recorded video frames are processed using a specialized algorithm to determine the red blood cells velocity. The LDF technique is based on the analysis of the Doppler shift of back-scattered laser radiation from moving red blood cells. In this work, simultaneous measurements of VCS and LDF have been performed in healthy volunteers and rheumatic patient. The study was conducted using a cold pressor test. Changes were recorded in response to cold exposure in rheumatic diseases.
Fine needle aspiration biopsy technique and following histological examination show its effectiveness and safety but its performing takes several time. However, the problem of real-time analysis of pathological changes in tissues remains relevant. We demonstrate optical fine-needle biopsy method, combining a fine needle (17.5G) and a fiber-optic probe (1 mm diameter) for minimally invasive interrogation of tissue in vivo. During rat tumor experiment, we collected spectrally-resolved diffuse reflectance and fluorescence. Quantified differences between tumor and normal tissues were demonstrated and approved with morphological analysis. The proposed methodology seems promising for developing new diagnostic criteria for clinical practice.
A novel non-invasive, wearable VCSEL-based system for multipoint in − vivo measurements of blood perfusion was introduced. The system operates on the basis of the laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) method and allows for microcirculation studies. The sensors developed were used to analyse the skin blood flow synchronization in homologous regions of the contralateral limbs, both in the basal state and during various functional tests. A high synchronisation of blood flow rhythms in the contralateral limbs of healthy volunteers was shown in the studies presented.
Local hemodynamic parameters were studied by means of laser Doppler flowmetry in 15 patients with psoriasis in the stationary stage, who have plaques on the inner surface of the forearm.
LDF signals recorded at the site of psoriatic lesions of the tissue as well as in the intact tissue at a distance of 1-2 cm from the affected area were analysed. LDF signals were postprocessed by continuous wavelet transform using the Morlet wavelet.
Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is widely used to study blood microcirculation in the skin. However, during tradition signal processing based on the integral estimations of the power spectrum of detector photocurrent, the significant part of the information about the skin blood ow is lost. In this study, we propose to analyse the distribution of the blood perfusion over the Doppler shift frequencies, which correlate with the RBC velocity. This approach provides localisation of the blood ow oscillations in different subranges of the Doppler shift. The method applied together with the wavelet analysis has been tested in healthy volunteers and patients with psoriasis on the unaffected surface of the skin. It was revealed, that the significant difference in the amplitude of myogenic oscillations is allocated in the region of the low frequency Doppler shift (1-200 Hz). This frequency region can be associated with the signal from slow components of the skin microcirculation, that can point out on a different state of the lymphatic system of the skin in psoriasis.
Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is widely used for diagnosing blood microcirculation diseases. It is well known that the Doppler shift of laser radiation scattered by moving red blood cells (RBC) can be assessed through analyzing photocurrent produced by a photodetector. LDF signal contains information about regulating blood flow rhythms: myogenic, cardiac, nervous and endothelial. The method of videocapillaroscopy (VCS) allows local capillary blood flow velocity evaluation and, using video data processing algorithms, is able to assess RBC velocity changes into capillary. We present the results of simultaneous investigations of changes in tissue perfusion of the distal phalanx of human finger by the LDF as well as changes in capillary blood flow velocity in the nail bed evaluated by the VCS method during arterial occlusion test. The experimental results confirmed the correspondence between blood perfusion and blood flow velocity.
This article presents the results of the study of the pressure applied on optical diagnostic probes as a significant factor affecting the results of measurements. During stepwise increasing and decreasing of local pressure on skin we conducted measurements using the methods of laser Doppler flowmetry and fluorescence spectroscopy. It was found out that pressure on optical probe has sufficient impact on skin microcirculation to affect registered fluorescence intensity. Data obtained in this study are of interest for design and development of diagnostic technologies for wearable devices. This data will also inform further investigation into issues of compensation of blood absorption influence on fluorescence spectrum, allowing increased accuracy and reproducibility of measurements by fluorescence spectroscopy methods in optical diagnosis.
The aim of this work was to study the possibilities of the laser Doppler flowmetry method for the joint study of microhaemo- and lymph circulation of human skin.
Conducting a series of experimental studies allowed to trace the relationship of recorded signals of microcirculation of blood flow and lymph flow, as well as to study their oscillation nature by using wavelet analysis.
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