Breast carcinoma has become one of the most frequently diagnosed life threatening cancer among women. Early detection of breast cancer is highly essential with the aid of non-contact imaging modalities. Recently, non-contact breast imaging methods based on fringe projection has been developed for breast surface change inspection. In this work, a non-contact digital fringe projection imaging modality that utilizes phase shifting fringe patterns for identifying surface changes has been developed for investigating breast surface changes caused by the presence of tumors. A medical grade prosthetic breast was used as the experimental subject and subjugated to breast changes through the enlargement of a round shaped silicon catheter as a tumor. The fringes were projected onto the breast surface based on the three steps phase shift fringe projection. The fringe patterns consisted of a large fringe width to enable the breast image to be confined in fewer fringe patterns. A resulting phase map was obtained where pixel coordinate marking was conducted on the phase map breast image. Each of the pixel’s coordinate was compared to identify the location of the surface changes. A range of 2-9 pixel coordinate shifts from the 0.5 – 2 cm tumor growth were obtained from the results which demonstrated the capability of using phase map analysis from digital fringe projection in identifying surface changes of the women’s breast.
Breast cancer is one of the fatal diseases and is one of the leading causes of death among women. Early screening for breast cancer is highly needed among women. Monitoring of the disease is also extremely vital for determining the best possible method of treatment. One of the most common symptoms of breast cancer is the breast surface change caused by the tumor within the breast. Shapes of the tumor vary among the patients, and some of the standard shapes of the tumor are round, oval, irregular, spiculated and microlobulated. Current common imaging modalities of diagnosing for breast tumor is the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), ultrasound and mammography. The current imaging modalities have been known to diagnose the disease but also has its limitations due to exposure concerns. In this work, the changes of breast surface are analyzed using a proposed fringe projection imaging modality. Surface changes of the breast were analyzed with the presence of a round shape tumor varied from 0.5 cm to 2 cm. The fringe projection profilometry system has successfully demonstrated its ability in detecting the pixel coordinate changes of the breast surface caused by the size variation of the tumor.
The proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) is the most important joint of the finger and is one of the most common joints to be affected by hand osteoarthritis (OA) due to excessive usage of the hand. PIP injury which may lead to osteoarthritis occurs when the protective cartilage on the boundaries of the joint begins to wear off or simply by a hyperextension of the joint. Currently, in order to diagnose joint deformity of the hand OA, particular imaging modalities namely the X-ray scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used but has its limitations such as radiation concerns and can be quite expensive. In this work, a fringe projection profilometry system which comprises of an LCD projector, CCD camera, and a personal computer has been developed to analyze surface changes of the PIP joint. The central concept of this optical metrology system is to apply structured light as imaging source for surface change detection. The imaging source utilizes fringe patterns generated by C++ programming and is shifted using the 3 steps 2 shift method for obtaining the phase map image. Grayscale analysis and pixel tracing were applied to detect the deformation of the PIP joint on a live individual. The result has demonstrated a successful method of PIP joint deformation detection based on the pixel tracking differences of a static and deformed state of the PIP joint.
This paper discusses mesh refinement methods used to perform Finite Element Analysis (FEA) for vibration based MEMS Energy Harvester. The three types of meshing elements, 1) Linear Hexahedral, 2) Parabolic Hexahedral and 3) Parabolic Tetrahedral, were used in this study. The meshing methods are used to ensure accurate simulation result particularly in stress, and strain analysis obtained, since they are determined by the displacement of each node in the physical structure. The study of the accuracy of an mesh analysis is also known as mesh convergence study which element aspect ratios must be refined consistently. In this paper the dimensions of each elements were also varied in order to investigate the significant of this methods in achieving better ratios of simulation to theoretical results.
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