The purpose of this investigation was to measure the maximum temperature at the Nd:YAG and Diode lasers fiberoptic tips as a function of air/water coolant, during soft tissue ablation in pig jaws. A pulsed Nd:YAG laser (1064nm) and a Diode laser (800-830 nm) were used varying parameters of power, conditioning or not of the fiber tip, under 4 settings of air/water coolant. The maximum temperature at the fiber tip was measured using an infra-red camera and the interaction of the fiber with the porcine soft tissue was evaluated. A two-factor ANOVA was used for statistical analysis (p≤0.05). Nd:YAG laser interaction with soft tissues produced temperatures levels directly proportional to power increase, but the conditioning of the fiber tip did not influence the temperature rise. On the other hand, conditioning of the fiber tip did influence the temperature rise for Diode laser. The addition of air/water coolant, for both lasers, did not promote temperature rise consistent with cutting and coagulation of porcine soft tissue. Laser parameters affect the fiberoptic surface temperature, and the addition of air/water coolant significantly lowered surface temperature on the fiberoptic tip for all lasers and parameters tested.
Joel White, Diana Gekelman, Keum-Back Shin, June-Sung Park, Theresa Swenson, Brant Rouse, Kim Tran, Sean Bullard, L. Scott-Beckles, Marvin Oto, Joyce Buhler, Andrew Yamamoto
A variety of lasers are used for many oral soft tissue procedures. Each dental laser has specific parameters giving a wide range of operation. Lasers such as the carbon dioxide, argon and diode operate in continuous wave, while Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, Ho:YAG, and Er,Cr:YSGG are free-running pulsed lasers with high peak power and very short pulse duration. Laser tissue interaction is basically a photothermal effect and the biologic effect is dependent on the laser operating parameters, such as emission wavelength, power, emission mode, pulse duration, energy/pulse, energy density, duration of exposure, total energy and tissue characteristics. This article reviews current knowledge of laser parameters, laser-tissue interaction and applied preclinical and clinical safety and effectiveness scientific support.
Laser interaction with oral tissues is dependent upon the tissues physical properties. Previous studies measured the absorbance coefficient of individual components of the tissues. The purpose of the present study was to determine the reflectance, transmittance and absorbance of the whole tissue: porcine gingiva. Therefore, 2x4 mm sections consisting of attached and free gingiva from porcine mandibles, 1.2+/- 0.2 mm thickness, were measured using a spectrometer for reflectance (R) and transmittance (T), and the absorbance (A) was calculated. In order to fully characterize the optical properties of the soft tissue, the color of porcine gingiva was also measured utilizing the L*a*b* system. The average R, T and A among the specimens were determined for each wavelength (200-2500 nm) and the respective spectral curves determined at 95% confidence level. For the laser emission wavelength frequency-doubled Alexandrite (377nm) the average values were: R=25.8%; T=0.6%; A=73.6%. For the laser emission wavelength Nd:YAG (1064nm) the average values were: R=25.8%; T=66%; A=3%. For the laser emission wavelength diode (980nm) the average values were: R=30%; T=58%; A=12%. Color of the gingival tissue measured in reflectance had higher L*, a* and b* values as compared to color measured in transmittance.
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