The scattering characteristics of particles with different transparency are investigated using interferometric particle imaging. Based on optical transfer matrix theory, the interference defocusing images formed by different number of emitting points are simulated. We found that the speckle frequency of the defocusing image will increase when the number of the emitting points increases. The microscopic and interference images of polystyrene, cell and sand particles are obtained and proved that the lower the transparency of the particle, the higher the speckle frequency of the defocusing image. The experimental results showed agreement with the simulation results. This conclusion can be used to judge the transparency of particles and to distinguish particles in mixed particle field.
An optical fiber Febry-Perot (FP) temperature sensor based on virtual vernier effect is proposed. The parallel vernier effect is realized by superposing virtual reference interferometer to improve the sensitivity of temperature detection. This method can effectively avoid the measurement error caused by the external interference of the physical reference interferometer. The FP temperature sensor was made by sealed with thermosensitive polymer into a capillary. By measuring the wavelength shift of the interference valley, the temperature sensitivity of the sensor is 2.205 nm/°C. The generative approach of the virtual interference spectrum is proposed and the theoretical simulation is carried out. The physical and virtual reference interferometers were respectively used to carry out the comparative experiments of the vernier sensitization. The temperature sensitivities obtained by the physical and the virtual reference interferometers were 10.053 nm/°C and 9.911 nm/°C in the temperature range of 51-55°C, respectively. The sensitivity magnifications were 4.559 and 4.495 times respectively, which proved the feasibility of the FP sensor demodulation by using virtual vernier effect. This method can obtain an optical fiber temperature sensing system with high-sensitivity, low complexity and low cost.
A fiber optic refractive index sensor based on tapered capillary is proposed. A multimode interferometer generated by annular high-order mode is fabricated by fused thin-walled capillary between single-mode fibers, which has high refractive index sensitivity. The experimental results show that the sensor has a piecewise-linear refractive index response with gradually increasing sensitivity in the range of 1.3328~1.4553. It is found that the increase of capillary length is beneficial to the increase of refractive index sensitivity. For the sample with 10 mm capillary, the RI sensitivity is up to 7474.959 nm/RIU, the temperature sensitivity is only 9.48 pm/°C and the measurement error is ±2.12×10-3. The results show that the sensor has good accuracy and repeatability in refractive index measurement. The sensor is suitable for high refractive index range in biological process monitoring, where high refractive index sensitivity and low temperature cross sensitivity are required.
Bending vector sensing is demonstrated based on periodic core-offset ultra-long period fiber grating, which is mainly composed of splicing two fiber ends with a purposed lateral offset in a single mode fiber (SMF).Through the measured resonance wavelength and the peak attenuation of the core-offset ultra-long period fiber grating(CO-ULPFG), the curvature amplitude and orientation can be simultaneously determined in vertical directions, reaching up to -1.833 nm/m-1 and -1.674 nm/m-1 at the 0° and 180° orientations range and reaching up to -0.583 nm/m-1 and -0.479 nm/m-1 at the 90° and 270° orientations ranging from 0 m-1 to 7.041 m-1, respectively. The bending sensitivity in different directions is 6-10 times that of LPFG with similar structure. Because of the excellent linear response, the effect of temperature on bending sensing can be eliminated by using a measurement matrix. The advantages of bending direction recognition, high bending sensitivities and compact structure make the sensor attractive for structural deformation monitoring.
A fiber optic refractive index (RI) sensor that consists of cascaded single mode fiber-no core fiber-single mode fiber (SNS) structure followed by a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) was proposed and demonstrated. Because the SNS structure and FBG have similar temperature characteristics and the FBG is not sensitivity to the RI, temperature self-compensation during the RI measurement can be realized by calculating the difference between the characteristic wavelengths of the SNS and FBG. Three SNS-FBG-based sensors with different lengths of the NCF and different Bragg wavelengths were cascaded to achieve wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) in the range of 1510nm-1590nm. Experimental results show that three-point independent RI measurement can be accomplished with the maximum sensitivity of 211.088, 243.429 and 242.511nm/RIU (RI unit) in the RI range from 1.333 to 1.405, respectively. The RI errors caused by temperature are only 4.548×10-5RIU/°C, 3.779×10-5RIU/°C and 4.458×10-5RIU/°C respectively. These sensors feature the advantages of good reproducibility, small size, low cost, high sensitivity and very low temperature cross-sensitivity, which have a good practical prospect in the simultaneous multi-point RI measurement application area.
A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) textile-based pulse wave sensor is proposed and demonstrated based on multi-layers compound fabrics structure which can convert the fabric tension to the pressure of FBG sensing unit needed by pulse measurement and improve its sensitivity. On the basis of material mechanics theory, the sensing model is established and the theoretical formulas are deduced. A prototype of cuff-type FBG textile-based pulse sensor is achieved by the knitted way of compound fabrics. The test results show that the sensor can effectively obtain pulse wave which has higher signal-to-noise ratio and contains more detail features than the photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor. This sensor has potential applications in smart textile and a good practical prospect for the wearable human pulse measurement during the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan.
A multipoint fiber optic sensor based on two cascaded multimode interferometer (MMI) and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) structures is proposed and demonstrated for simultaneous measurement of refractive index (RI) and temperature. The MMI is fabricated by splicing a section of no-core fiber (NCF) with two single-mode fibers. The suitable NCF lengths of 19.1 and 38.8 mm are selected by simulations to achieve wavelength division multiplexing. The two MMIs are sensitive to RI and temperature with the maximal RI sensitivities of 429.42228 and 399.20718 nm/RIU in the range of 1.333 to 1.419 and the temperature sensitivities of 10.05 and 10.22 pm/°C in the range of 26.4°C to 100°C, respectively. However, the FBGs are only sensitive to the latter with the sensitivities of 10.4 and 10.73 pm/°C. Therefore, dual-parameter measurement is obtained and cross-sensitivity issue can be solved. The distance between the two sensing heads is up to 12 km, which demonstrates the feasibility of long-distance measurement. During measurement, there is no mutual interference to each sensing head. The experimental results show that the average errors of RI are 7.61×10−4 RIU and 6.81×10−4 RIU and the average errors of temperature are 0.017°C and 0.012°C, respectively. This sensor exhibits the advantages of high RI sensitivity, dual-parameter and long-distance measurement, low cost, and easy and repeatable fabrication.
Fiber optic sensor embedded in textiles has been a new direction of researching smart wearable technology. Pulse signal which is generated by heart beat contains vast amounts of physio-pathological information about the cardiovascular system. Therefore, the research for textile-based fiber optic sensor which can detect pulse wave has far-reaching effects on early discovery and timely treatment of cardiovascular diseases. A novel wavelength demodulation method based on photonic crystal fiber (PCF) modal interference filter is proposed for the purpose of developing FBG pulse wave sensing system embedded in smart clothing. The mechanism of the PCF modal interference and the principle of wavelength demodulation based on In-line Mach-Zehnder interferometer (In-line MZI) are analyzed in theory. The fabricated PCF modal interferometer has the advantages of good repeatability and low temperature sensitivity of 3.5pm/°C from 25°C to 60°C. The designed demodulation system can achieve linear demodulation in the range of 2nm, with the wavelength resolution of 2.2pm and the wavelength sensitivity of 0.055nm-1. The actual experiments’ result indicates that the pulse wave can be well detected by this demodulation method, which is in accordance with the commercial demodulation instrument (SM130) and more sensitive than the traditional piezoelectric pulse sensor. This demodulation method provides important references for the research of smart clothing based on fiber grating sensor embedded in textiles and accelerates the developments of wearable fiber optic sensors technology.
A sensor head consisting of an all single-mode fiber (SMF) in-line Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) with an embedded fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for simultaneous measurement of curvature and temperature. It is fabricated by cascading two bulge-taper fusion structures in a section of SMF including an FBG. The MZI is sensitive to fiber bending and ambient temperature with a sensitivity of −16.59 nm/m−1 in the range of 1.05 to 4.05 m−1 and 58 pm/°C in the range of 30°C to 100°C, respectively. However, the FBG is only sensitive to the latter with a sensitivity of 13 pm/°C. Simultaneous measurement of curvature and temperature is obtained and the cross-sensitivity issue can be solved. The experimental results show that the average relative error of the curvature is 0.38%, which is about 18 times better than that without temperature compensating. The average error of temperature is only 0.21°C.
A highly efficient polarization-independent output grating coupler was optimized and designed based on silicon-on-insulator used for silica-based hybrid photodetector integration in an arrayed waveguide grating demodulation-integrated microsystem. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method optimizes coupling efficiency by enabling the design of the grating period, duty cycle, etch depth, grating length, and polarization-dependent loss (PDL). The output coupling efficiencies of both the transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes are higher than 60% at 1517 to 1605 nm and ∼67% at around 1550 nm. The designed grating exhibits the desired property at the 3-dB bandwidth of 200 nm from 1450 to 1650 nm and a PDL <0.5 dB of 110 nm from 1513 to 1623 nm. The power absorption efficiency at 1550 nm for TE and TM modes reaches 78% and 70%, respectively. Both the power absorption efficiency of TE mode and that of TM mode are over 70% in a broad band of 1491 to 1550 nm.
Heart sound includes a lot of physiological and pathological information of heart and blood vessel. Heart sound detecting
is an important method to gain the heart status, and has important significance to early diagnoses of cardiopathy. In order
to improve sensitivity and reduce noise, a heart sound measurement method based on fiber Bragg grating was
researched. By the vibration principle of plane round diaphragm, a heart sound sensor structure of fiber Bragg grating
was designed and a heart sound sensing mathematical model was established. A formula of heart sound sensitivity was
deduced and the theoretical sensitivity of the designed sensor is 957.11pm/KPa. Based on matched grating method, the
experiment system was built, by which the excursion of reflected wavelength of the sensing grating was detected and the
information of heart sound was obtained. Experiments show that the designed sensor can detect the heart sound and the
reflected wavelength variety range is about 70pm. When the sampling frequency is 1 KHz, the extracted heart sound
waveform by using the db4 wavelet has the same characteristics with a standard heart sound sensor.
This paper aims to research the Automobile Inspection System based on Wireless Communication, and suggests an
overall design scheme which uses GPS for speed detection and Bluetooth and GPRS for communication. The
communication between PDA and PC was realized by means of GPRS and TCP/IP; and the hardware circuit and
software for detection terminal were devised by means of JINOU-3264 Bluetooth Module after analyzing the Bluetooth
and its communication protocol. According to the results of debugging test, this system accomplished GPRS based data
communication and management as well as the real-time detection on auto safety performance parameters in crash test
via PC, whereby the need for mobility and reliability was met and the efficiency and level of detection was improved.
KEYWORDS: Fiber Bragg gratings, Heart, Signal detection, Signal processing, Sensors, Body temperature, Integrated circuits, Digital signal processing, Intelligent sensors, Temperature metrology
A human physiological parameters intelligent clothing is researched with FBG sensor technology. In this paper, the
principles and methods of measuring human physiological parameters including body temperature and heart rate in
intelligent clothing with distributed FBG are studied, the mathematical models of human physiological parameters
measurement are built; the processing method of body temperature and heart rate detection signals is presented; human
physiological parameters detection module is designed, the interference signals are filtered out, and the measurement
accuracy is improved; the integration of the intelligent clothing is given. The intelligent clothing can implement real-time
measurement, processing, storage and output of body temperature and heart rate. It has accurate measurement,
portability, low cost, real-time monitoring, and other advantages. The intelligent clothing can realize the non-contact
monitoring between doctors and patients, timely find the diseases such as cancer and infectious diseases, and make
patients get timely treatment. It has great significance and value for ensuring the health of the elders and the children
with language dysfunction.
Based on optical fiber grating sensing technology, the signal processing system of smart clothes was designed. The
clothes embedded in fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) sensor can measure the body physiological parameters, such as
temperature, and detect the healthy condition of wearer. The paper presented FBG wavelength detection and signal
processing methods with wearable characteristics, designed optical scheme and demodulated circuit in terms of tunable
F-P filer wavelength demodulation theory. The numerical arithmetic of processing wavelength data was researched and
realized in ARM. By testing, the measuring scope of wavelength is from 1520.5 to 1562nm, and the resolution of
wavelength can arrive at 2pm. By selecting appropriate center wavelength of sensing gratings and referenced gratings,
the relative error of wavelength can less than 0.001%. The signal processing system can adjust the excursion of F-P
cavity timely, and has characters of portability, wireless data transmission.
A nondestructive detection system based on X-ray for wire ropes conveyer belt is designed by X-ray detection
technology. In this paper X-ray detection principle is analyzed, a design scheme of the system is presented; image
processing of conveyer belt is researched and image processing algorithms are given; X-ray acquisition receiving board
is designed with the use of FPGA and DSP; the software of the system is programmed by C#.NET on WINXP/WIN2000
platform. The experiment indicates the system can implement remote real-time detection of wire ropes conveyer belt
images, find faults and give an alarm in time. The system is direct perceived, strong real-time and high accurate. It can be
used for fault detection of wire ropes conveyer belts in mines, ports, terminals and other fields.
The earlier astable multivibrator formed by silicon tunnel diode has the disadvantage of low speed and non-modulation.
NDRHBT is a novel type of HBT with NDR characteristics and high speed. Its NDR characteristics can be modulated by
the base voltage VBE or base current IB. So the astable multivibrator formed by NDRHBT has the advantage of high
speed, high frequency, bistability, and frequency modulation by VBE or IB. Thus, it can be applied widely in high
frequency oscillation circuits and high speed-digital circuits.
In this paper, it is demonstrated that the frequency of the astable multivibrator can be modulated by base voltage VBE.
The experimental result shows that the frequency of time interval between two adjacent pulses f1 varies from 7×104Hz
down to 2.5×104Hz as VBE changes from 4.5V to 6.5V and exhibits near a linear relationship. So it is can be used as an
efficient voltage controlled frequency modulator for pulse signal in high speed digital circuits.
An X-ray nondestructive detector for high-speed running conveyor belt with steel wire ropes is researched in the paper.
The principle of X-ray nondestructive testing (NDT) is analyzed, the general scheme of the X-ray nondestructive testing
system is proposed, and the nondestructive detector for high-speed running conveyor belt with steel wire ropes is
developed. The hardware of system is designed with Xilinx's VIRTEX-4 FPGA that embeds PowerPC and MAC IP
core, and its network communication software based on TCP/IP protocol is programmed by loading LwIP to PowerPC.
The nondestructive testing of high-speed conveyor belt with steel wire ropes and network transfer function are
implemented. It is a strong real-time system with rapid scanning speed, high reliability and remotely nondestructive
testing function. The nondestructive detector can be applied to the detection of product line in industry.
KEYWORDS: Computer aided design, Transistors, Device simulation, Signal to noise ratio, Resistors, Modeling and simulation, Radio frequency circuits, Analog electronics, Capacitors, Interference (communication)
High-level RF design based on behaviorally described models allows the evaluation of the performance of the architecture and system at an early stage. It also serves as the top-down design methodology in a familiar circuit design environment. VHDL-AMS supports the time and frequency domain modeling and noise modeling which make the RF circuit and system modeling in VHDL-AMS possible. In this paper we represent a methodology to design and optimize RF LNA in VHDL-AMS to get a RF LNA model with flexible specification input and high fidelity to noise and nonlinearity issues. Some of the challenges encountered in the behavioral modeling and simulation of RF LNA will be discussed. Typical RF LNA characteristics, such as noise figure and nonlinearity are addressed.
KEYWORDS: Resistance, Temperature metrology, Diodes, Bistability, Logic, Field effect transistors, Digital electronics, Lithium, Data transmission, Microwave radiation
We have measured the I-V characteristics of the Resonant tunneling diode (RTD) fabricated by ourselves. Basing on the measured results, several questions have been analyzed and discussed: (1) Temperature effects on I-V characteristics; (2) “The Apparent positive resistance phenomena” in negative resistance region. The analysis and discussion on above questions are very useful and helpful for design and fabrication of RTD.
Lattice-matched InGaP on GaAs substrate was successfully grown by solid-source molecular beam epitaxy (SSMBE) with a GaP decomposition source. 0.5um-thick InGaP epilayer shows photoluminescence (PL) peak energy as large as 1.962eV, PL FWHM as small as 9.4meV, X-ray diffraction (XRD) rocking curve line-width as narrow as 25arcsec. The electron mobility of undoped, Si-doped InGaP layers measured by Hall are comparable to similar InGaP/GaAs heterojunction grown by SSMBE with other source or other growth techniques. Then the InGaP/GaAs HBT epiwafer is grown by this way. Beryllium(Be) diffusion is reduced by increasing the As/Ga flux ratio. Heterojuction Bipolar Transistor (HBT) with 75×75um2 emitter mesa area fabricated using this structure yielded an excellent performance with high current gain. The results reveal that InGaP/GaAs heterojunction grown by the present growth way have great potential application for semiconductor devices.
We first proposed monolithic optoelectronic integration of Resonant Tunneling Diode (RTD) and Heterojunction Bipolar Phototransistor (HPT). Circuit simulations using simple models of RTD and HPT successfully produced the optoelectronic bistable characteristics of RTD and HPT Negative Differential Resistance (NDR) device. The basic operation mechanism of Photoelectric Monostable-Bistable Transition Logic Elements (PMOBILE's) by utilizing the functionality of two series-connected RTDs in combination with HPT is also demonstrated by simulation.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.