Phase extraction in differential synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry (DInSAR) is an important tool used for detecting subcentimeter-level change in ground deformation. The evaluated phase map processing is conducted via two important and successive steps: phase denoising and phase unwrapping. We attack the first step and propose the performance of discrete Riesz wavelets transform to reduce the residual speckle noise from the generated DinSAR phase map. The performance of the proposed method is appraised using three important criteria such as peak-to-signal-noise ratio (PSNR), the quality index Q, and the edge preservation index. The obtained metric values reveal that this technique can improve the PSNR and Q in comparison with other famous techniques. Finally, we apply the algorithm to denoise a real DinSAR phase map generated with sentinel application platform software using three SAR data of the Napa city in California.
Fringe pattern analysis is an essential step in optical techniques including the digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI), digital speckle shearing interferometry (DSPSI), digital holographic interferometry (DHI), moiré interferometry, and others. This step enables to evaluate the coded phase distribution related to a physical magnitude of the material under study such as deformation, displacement, refractive index, strain, temperature. Several methods have been proposed for the extraction of phase distribution such as phase-shifting techniques and other transform-based methods like Fourier, Hilbert, and wavelet transforms. In phase-shifting techniques, the intensity is sampled spatially or temporally, and the object should be stable during the acquisition of at least three frames. So, this technique is not suitable for the analysis of dynamic events. Recently, Riesz transform, two-dimensional extension of the Hilbert transform, has been exploited in several works including the phase evaluation. In this work, we present a variety of methods based on the Riesz transform for fringe pattern analysis. The analysis concerns the extraction of the encoded phase distribution from the recorded/processes fringe patterns obtained from the interferometric techniques and their horizontal and vertical phase derivatives. Using numerical simulation, we study the performance of these Riesz transform-based methods with a quantitative appraisal, and finally, the experimental application will be presented. The advantages and limitations of the Riesz transform-based methods will be discussed.
Phase-shifting interferometry is a highly accurate technique for obtaining phase distribution from the recorded fringe patterns. Generally, phase-shifting interferometry requires recording several fringe patterns with varying phase shifts experimentally and during the acquisition, the object must be stable. Also, the atmospheric turbulence and mechanical conditions should also remain constant during this time. These requirements limit the use of these phase-shifting interferometric techniques in dynamic event studies. In the present work, we introduce Riesz transformed based digital four-step phase-shifting interferometer to obtain phase distribution from a single recorded fringe pattern. All the experimental phase-shifting setups necessary to realize the phase-shifting are removed. The idea is based on the recording of a single fringe pattern, and computes its Riesz transform at first, second and third-orders. The obtained Riesz transform components are combined to generate three π/2 phase-shifted fringe patterns, and then, the phase distribution is obtained from these phase-shifted fringe patterns. The performance of this method is demonstrated first by using numerical simulation and the quantitative appraisal is given by using image quality index. Further, we apply this technique on a real fringe pattern recorded in digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI). The obtained results reveal that our method provides a simple and accurate solution for phase evaluation, therefore, makes it suitable for real-time measurements.
In this work, we propose a combination of the Teager–Kaiser energy operator (TKEO) and the spiral phase transform (SPT) for robust instant energy estimation of amplitude-modulated and frequency-modulated (AM–FM) signals, where the energy extraction is followed by a high-frequency component, generally considered as noise. We demonstrate that this noise component can be subtracted mathematically using the SPT transformation applied to the AM–FM signal. The improvement in demodulation is tested using a simulated AM–FM image and evaluated by the image quality index. An experimental speckle fringe pattern obtained by digital speckle pattern interferometry on a hard disk is denoised using a multiband approach and demodulated using the proposed method.
We present a Wiener Teager–Kaiser approach for phase derivative estimation from a single speckle correlation fringe. In principle, the Teager–Kaiser operator estimates the energy of the fringe pattern and extracts its phase derivatives using an energy separation algorithm. However, in the estimation of the energy, this operator presents a computation error mainly due to a high frequency component. In this work, we addressed this error in mean square error sense by applying the Wiener filter on the operator prior to phase derivative computation. The performance of our proposed method on simulated and real fringe improves significantly the accuracy of the Teager–Kaiser operator.
We propose a technique to estimate the phase derivative in both x and y directions based on Riesz transform from a single speckle correlation fringes. The originality of this technique is to exploit Riesz transform for phase derivatives estimation, spatial modulation, speckle denoising, and measure of features similarity. Phase modulation process is realized by combining a digital spatial carrier and Riesz quadrature; speckle denoising is computed using Riesz wavelets transform, and the performance is evaluated by Riesz features SIMilarity. Before applying our method on real speckle correlation fringes, its performance is tested by numerical simulation.
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