X-rays are most useful in diverse researches on soft matter that is currently emerging materials in fundamental and applied sciences. When hard X-ray microscopy, particularly established at synchrotron radiation sources, is applied to study soft matter such as water and polymers, many physiochemical phenomena were induced by hard X-ray irradiation. Ultrafast X-ray imaging is beneficial in studying on dynamics of soft matter because radiation damage is eliminated considerably. In this talk, we discuss examples regarding how high-dose X-ray irradiations change material properties of soft matter and how X-ray-induced changes can be reduced or utilized in experiments with nanoscale and microscale soft materials. The fundamental knowledge and experiences on X-ray-induced modifications in material properties would be important to further applications of X-rays into modern characterizations and fabrications of soft materials.
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