This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 12326, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, and Conference Committee list.

Dehumidification has a massive impact on the energy efficiency of the air condition system. Condensation is a common way to achieve dehumidification. However, a certain amount of energy is required for harvesting water from the air through condensation. A hybrid hollow fiber membrane system proves to be effective in lowering the consumption of energy. However, the surfaces with patterned wettability receives inadequate attention despite its potential to achieve energy-efficient dehumidification. This review casts a view on the mechanism of condensation via patterned surfaces, which are normally originated from natural biomimetic surfaces. Then, three kinds of surfaces, including the completely hydrophobic surface, completely hydrophilic surface, and the hybrid surface, is employed to explain the working principles of dehumidification via condensation. Besides, the connection between air conditioning and dehumidification and an application that involves a membrane dehumidification and water harvest system for condensation are introduced. It can be concluded that the patterned surfaces do have potentials that can be adopted to air conditioning, considering its exceptional condensation capability.

Hair was an important indicator of one’s health. As colouring, dyeing and perming hair became more common, hair care was essential for keeping the health of human hair and the use of coconut oil for hair became more known. This research focused on the physical-mechanical property and the micromolecular structure of hair, tested by tensile strength tests and microscope observations 12 hair samples, half had been chemically treated and half not, were taken for maximum force, breaking force, maximum extension and cuticle smoothness. The tests were repeated after coconut oil treatment. It was found that chemically treated hair may have been damaged on its cuticle and coconut oil may have some protection for hair.

The iron oxide nanoparticles used in the combined imaging technology of PET and MRI have excessive iron in the local area of the patient, causing cytotoxicity and other problems. Therefore, in this work, three different coating-coated nano-iron oxide particles (Fe₃O₄ NPs) are introduced. First, different lengths of heparin oligosaccharide (HO) are coupled to the nanoparticles’ surface, improving the imaging contrast by controlling the length of HO. The second method is to coat the surface of nanoparticles with N, N, N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) coating to couple breast cancer receptors to TMC, so as to realize targeted detection of breast cancer. The third method aims at improving the stability and biocompatibility of imaging agents in the human body and reduce the cytotoxicity of the imaging agent in the liver, such as coating the surface of nanoparticles with hydroxyapatite coating.

In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanotubes were simulated and calculated to get their bandgap and density of states to predict their performance as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. With the insight of reducing the band gap by nanomaterialisation to improve the performance, ZnO nanotubes were fabricated with hydrothermal reaction. We tested its performance after 100 cycles and confirmed that nanotubes are better than bulk ZnO in many regards, including electron conductivity, bandgap, coulomb efficiency, cyclic stability. An excellent reversible capacity of 861 mAh g-1 was achieved after 100 cycles at 0.5 mA g-1. Compared with ZnO bulk, nanotubes show better stability and higher coulomb efficiency.

Lithium metal has good specific capacity and low reduction potential, and is one of the most favourable battery cathode materials. However, some problems still exist. For example, lithium may react with the electrolyte to cause short circuits, its ionic conductivity may not meet people's expectations, and its dendrite and unstable electrolyte interface will have security problems, so it can not be widely used. In order to make better use of the characteristics of the battery and avoid the shortages of the battery, this article will introduce four methods to improve the quality of the battery according to four different articles. The main ideas of the four articles are proposing a special upright structure using in the coiled Li anode, demonstrating a sol−gel based synthesis procedure that makes the templating agent by using a block copolymer and a homo-polymer as the extra carbon source, producing solid-state polymer electrolytes that keep conformal interfacial intercourse with the whole cell constituents and keeping an eye on the air-stable Li_xSiS_y protection layer that using a solution-based method to form in situ on the face of the lithium. By proposing various new methods, we can find out the relationship between them and make good use of their advantages to help explore more whole batteries. Therefore, this paper will provide novel and useful solutions to battery problems, so that people can learn more about lithium metal batteries.

Chelators play a significant role in dealing with heavy metals pollution. As environmental protection is being increasingly attached much importance to, there is an urgent need for green and high efficient heavy metal chelators. The present work briefly outlines the production and application of some chelators and their environmental risks and solutions. It provides a complete understanding of heavy metal chelators and possible prospects to reach the green and highly efficient goal.

Polysaccharide is a natural renewable resource which is rich, green, edible and degradable, so it is of great concern in the field of functional membrane material, and has gradually become a hot issue of today's scientific researches. In this paper, three typical polysaccharides: chitosan, sodium alginate and starch were summarized, and their molecular structures, film-forming properties, preparation and applications of antibacterial films were discussed, which provide reference for the research and development of antibacterial films based on polysaccharides in the future.

The rapid development of nano-droplets has attracted widespread attention. With a long period of development, wetting behaviors, surface evaporation, chemical analysis, and morphology control of nano-droplets are explored in the laboratory. The nano-droplets can be potentially useful in many interdisciplinary areas. Several potential applications in three areas will be reviewed, including the industry, the laboratory, and the medical treatment. Industrial applications involve cutting fluid in ultra-precision machining, surface agglomeration during 3D nano-inkjet printing process, in-plane silicon nanowire thin film transistors (TFTs), and anisotropic conductive adhesives for integrated electronics; laboratory applications involve nanoextraction and ultrafast microanalysis, “bottom-up” material preparation techniques, nanoscale liquid transport, and generation of nano-droplets in liquid media; applications in medical treatment involve intradermal vaccine delivery, proteomic analysis, and histotripsy. These applications have been demonstrated in industrial devices, chemical analysis, and a wide range of nanostructures with wetting properties. However, many other potential applications still remain to be explored. The need of exploring potential applications of novel and complex nano-droplets is still critical. In addition, trying to understand the size, such as the smallest size, of various kinds of nano-droplets is expected to enrich applications with nanotechnology.

Catalysts based on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are more and more used in catalytic industry these days. Herein, we listed three articles in which the authors did research on MOF catalysts that point on different metal-organic chemical reactions, including Heck reactions and electroreduction reactions. We also claimed the different analysing methods on monitoring the reaction process and characterizing the compositions and structures of the catalysts.

Lithium-ion batteries have played a crucial role in modern society and are widely considered as a promising technology for storing energy. An electrode material has a significant effect on the performance of a lithium-ion battery. Over the last few years, this paper summarizes the recent research progress in three vital cathode materials, including layered oxides, spinel oxides, and olivine phosphates. Those research results indicate that doping is one of the very effective methods for improving performance.

Different kinds of superhydrophobic surfaces appear in the nature,which are studied by scientist to create artificial superhydrophobic surfaces that can be applied to various situations of application. This paper discusses some typical examples of natural superhydrophobic surfaces from plants and animals at first, then concludes current mainstream methods of preparation and testing of artificial superhydrophobic surfaces that have multiple durability to suit different environments and purposes.

β-blockers are a type of emerging chemical in the last century which is widely used for various purposes. And β-blockers are mostly used in the medical field to cure several diseases and they also could be used in the early stage of cancer. However,β-blockers could also be applied as a stimulant in sports, which leads to unfairness in sports. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate the plausible alternatives in order to determine β-blockers efficiently with high sensitivity and better Limit of Detection (LOD). Electrochemical techniques are the ones with the highest efficiency, sensitivity, conductivity, and accuracy. Among those electrodes, the electrodes based on carbon material stand out owing to their high conductivity, inexpensive price, high sensitivity, and flexibility. In this regard, it mainly analyses some electro analytical techniques for determining β-blockers based on carbon-based electrodes evidenced by previous research. The flexibility of each method and the advantages of modification were also emphasized. In addition, the potential and prospect of the future are summarized.

Chang-8 oil reservoir set is one important exploration horizon in the Southwestern Ordos basin, which can be divided into Chang-81 oil reservoir set and Chang-82 oil reservoir set from top to bottom. The oil migration in Chang-81 and Chang-82 reservoir is discussed by using the analysis technique of nitrogen compounds. It turns out that Chang-81 oil reservoir set had 5 oil charging points, from which crude oil from Chang-7 oil source rock migrated in a long distance along the reservoir set, and the transport distance can reach 40～70km. Chang-82 oil reservoir possessed one oil source fault across Xi-269 well and Bai-269 well, and after the fault crude oil underwent radially lateral migration whose migration distance was up to 110km.

Retrosynthetic analysis is the cornerstone of organic synthesis, allowing scientists to simplify complex target molecules into small fragments by disconnecting bonds. This review details basic concepts and common simplifying methods that scientists used in the retrosynthetic analysis. By using straightforward language and rich examples, the beginners can gain an overall understanding of retrosynthetic analysis and start to use techniques that they learned in this review to design synthetic pathways on paper. The last part provides a possible synthetic pathway for dihydrolucilactaene, a new potent drug for malaria, using the simplifying methods mentioned above.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a kind of excellent performance of film-forming material, widely used in the field of medicine, and food. In order to explore the dissolved in the ethanol-water mixed solvent process, this paper uses the molecular simulation method to study the influence of molecular interaction of PVA-water-ethanol content when the concentration of ethanol changes and calculate the solubility parameters, the radial distribution function and coordination number of the hybrid system. The results show that all substances in the ternary system could form hydrogen bonds with each other, and with the increase of ethanol content, the hydrogen bond between PVA-water and water-ethanol gradually strengthened, indicating that PVA has good hydrophilic properties. In high concentration ethanol solution, the coordination number of PVA-water is larger than that of PVA-ethanol, which further demonstrates the above conclusion. The research on polyvinyl alcohol in this work will be of great value to the selection of solvent in the preparation process of film agent.

Over the past few decades, the importance of soil environment analysis has become a popular social topic. Because soil environment not only determines the living condition for crops, but also decides their productions. There are many conventional methods that could be used to analyze the properties of soils, but they have some disadvantages. For instance, these methods require expertise to operate it, samples must be destroyed in preparation process, running instruments is costly, and getting spectra is ineffective. Thus, finding an eco-friendly and convenient model to analyze soil properties become a leading direction that is required to be solved. Mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy, with broad absorbance range and strong, clear signals, become a common and effective technique in the laboratory. MIR spectroscopy could overcome the limits of the traditional methods, it does not require insipid, tedious, or complex preparation steps, and it provides results with high accuracy. Hence, this article is a general introduction to MIR spectral analysis, and it explained detailly the applications of MIR spectroscopy in soil properties. It not only illustrated the procedures of developing quantitative and classification models based on MIR spectra analysis, but also emphasized on the applications and future sights of MIR spectroscopy in soil environment analysis. MIR spectroscopy can be used to analyze the biological and chemical properties of soils, which is conducive to monitor the living environment for plants. In this way, the state of plants or the production of crops could be optimized. By developing this MIR analytical technique, there would be a significant step being taken in agriculture, botany, zoology, and so on.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has shown threat to ecosystem and human being due to their mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, and worldwide concern for PAHs degradation has increased in the past decades. Biofilm is proved to be more efficient than planktonic cells in PAHs degradation process, due to their high tolerance to harsh environments and regulation mechanisms. Therefore, biofilm, as an eco-friendly and efficient method, has been widely and successfully used for PAHs degradation. This review discussed biofilm’s composition and formation, mechanism of biofilm-mediates PAHs degradation. Furthermore, the main factors influencing biofilm-mediated PAHs degradation are described, these factors can affect PAHs degradation by influencing metabolic pathway and/or biofilm growth. Physical factors, like pH and temperature, are directly influencing microorganisms’ activity, while nutrient supplements and bioavailability also play critical role in the degradation process. The current applications of biofilm-mediates PAHs degradation are also reviewed, including various biofilm reactors and in-situ methods. However, there are some problems that needs to be addressed for large-scale application of biofilm, such as limited research conditions. Overall, this article reviews biofilm-mediated PAHs degradation in many aspects, and provides some ideas of future research direction.

This paper gives a general overview of the development of deep geothermal energy, the current technology implementation, the environmental and economic evaluation of geothermal energy system. Typical geothermal systems are introduced respectively including dry steam power plant, flash power plant, binary system, EGS technologies as well as heating system. Some new ideas and models for exploitation are gathered. It’s pointed out that utilizing geothermal fluid step by step (such as applying combined system) can improve the efficiency significantly because of the lower reinjection temperature. For the evaluation of geothermal systems, the emission intensity is nearly zero while it’s noteworthy that the toxic chemical may be released and geological disasters may be caused during drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Geothermal energy is competitive in electricity market due to the low running costs, and the installed capacity of geothermal energy will continue to increase.

Based on the Closed Internal Combustion HCCI Engine Simulator model in CHEMKIN, this paper simulates the NOx emission of a four-stroke single-cylinder non-supercharged 135 diesel engine operating at different exhaust gas circulation rates and temperatures. Simulation experiments and analysis find that when the exhaust gas is cooled, the maximum temperature of in-cylinder combustion and the emission of NOx decrease with the increase of the exhaust gas circulation rate; when the recirculated exhaust gas is not cooled, the maximum temperature of the in-cylinder combustion barely changes with different exhaust gas circulation rates, and the NOx emission will not be greatly decreased.

The article provides a literature review and summary in the field of territorial spatial planning based on China's proposed carbon peaking and carbon neutrality targets. First, this paper reviews the historical development of carbon reduction planning in China, and concludes that the "double carbon" target is a new requirement and goal for low-carbon planning in China based on the new situation. Second, the paper summarizes the strategies and paths of different scales and systems of territorial spatial planning, and summarizes the opinions of scholars on carbon reduction. It also reflects on the current research progress and proposes corresponding research directions.

Against the backdrop of global warming, countries around the world have taken action under the call of the United Nations to reform and innovate various industries with the primary goal of achieving carbon neutrality. China proposes to achieve carbon peak by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060. From the perspective of wastewater treatment plants, carbon neutrality can be achieved by increasing the organic matter in sludge. In this paper, four methods for increasing sludge organic matter are discussed, such as the improvement of rainwater and sewage combined flow systems, front-end screening chemical oxygen demand (COD), A/B method – A section COD concentration, and anaerobic co-digestion. The basic principles, application, and effects of these methods are compared to give some strategies for increasing the energy recovery from sewage sludge.

The ocean, covering 70% of the earth’s surface, is regarded as one of the largest reservoirs of renewable energy. Especially, the waves, with violent fluctuations, are widely distributed on the ocean, producing enormous energy yet to be fully exploited. Wave energy is known as clean, renewable energy in the global energy field with broad prospects. Its wide distribution, enormous content and high quality enable the wave energy to possess tremendous potential value in the global energy market. However, the wave energy faces the inevitable issues of relatively low efficiency and instability, and it still requires further scientific researches and more practical tests before fully exploiting the potential value. In this report, the development and current situation of wave energy are mainly discussed, including the history, implementations, environmental impacts, economics. Our group aims to gather comprehensive information about the wave energy, analyze the multiple impacts of the implementations and find out the promising field in the future development of wave energy.

This paper illustrates general factors influencing costs and expenses, and prospects of tidal power plants including barrages, lagoons, and streams. After the gathering data from existing papers and analysis, it is concluded that tidal systems are not economically viable mainly due to prohibitive capital costs, so it is believed that governments will contribute the most to the development of tidal energy. Furthermore, having low capacity factors of tidal systems indicates that even those with high installed capacity do not generate electricity as much as other power plants with low installed capacity. In the end, I reached a conclusion that, although with the advantage of predictivity, later researchers need to come out with new designs of tidal system, which can employ its original advantages and at the same time decrease the capital cost significantly

This article summarizes the types of phase change materials and analyzes the typical applications of phase change materials in building envelopes. The phase change latent heat energy storage system possesses the characteristics of stable working temperature, simple process flow and high heat accumulation density. This kind of materials can be integrated with buildings in a variety of ways, using their own heat release/heat absorption characteristics to release and store thermal energy, thereby increasing the utilization rate of renewable energy. Studies have shown that the phase change heat storage unit can effectively improve the thermal comfort of the indoor environment, reduce indoor temperature fluctuations and the waste of building energy. On the basis of previous research on phase change materials in walls, roofs, floors and windows of building envelopes, the paper analyzes the existing research findings on energy-saving heat accumulation buildings. Finally, the future research directions of phase change materials are prospected.

Heavy metals are common pollutants. The migration and toxicity of heavy metals are related to their forms. Organometal complex is one form of heavy metals. In recent years, there are more studies on heavy metals but less on Organo-metal complexes. Organo-metal complexes formed by the direct connection of metal atoms and carbon atoms. This paper illustrates the formation and influencing factors of Organo-metal complexes. Through literature study, it is found that the formation of organo-metal complexes is affected by pH, microbial and UV. Meanwhile, the formation of Organo-metal complexes will affect the migration and transformation of heavy metals. Organo-metal complexes are widely dispersed physically and chemically. The ecological risks of Organo-metal complexes are explained from the aspects of plants and humans. Organo-metal complexes can transport through the food chain from plants to animals and eventually accumulate in humans. The formation and transformation of Organo-metal complexes are important components of biogeochemical cycle. Studying the formation process and influencing factors of Organo-metal complexes not only provides a new method for metal poisoning, but also gives a new approach for the treatment of heavy metal pollution and the restoration of natural environment.

Global warming will result in the melting of glaciers and frozen soil, as well as increasing sea levels, endangering not only natural ecosystems but also humanity's survival. Therefore, the world should speed up its response to climate change and low-carbon transition. However, there are conflicts of interest between developed and developing countries, and some contradictions are deep-rooted. In order to find the future survival path of humanity, all countries need to make concessions to realise joint cooperation. The article studied the two significant issues facing international cooperation to achieve lowcarbon and examined the difficulties faced by the world's top ten greenhouse gas emitting developed and developing countries in the process of the low-carbon transition. Based on the research analyse and Covid-19 impact, some feasible suggestions for individuals and countries are put forward to achieve decarbonisation.

Constructed wetland (CW) has shown great application prospects for treating heavy metal pollutants of wastewater. In the present review, we make a comprehensive and critical analysis of recent progress for treating heavy metal pollutants with vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs). We focused on the effects of variety factors on the efficiency of VFCWs for treating heavy metal pollutants. In addition, we also give new insight into the future development trend and challenges of VFCWs for the treatment of heavy metal pollutants at the end of the paper.

The Three Gorges Project is the biggest water project, and it has important strategic value as well as deep environmental effects. So, it’s necessary to implement environmental supervision in this area. However, there is environmental supervision dilemma which is discussed in this article: the legislative conflict, disordered environmental monitoring system and fragmentation of geographical position. In this study, in order to improve the environmental supervision implementation in the reservoir area, the cause and status quo in terms of those problems mentioned above are analyzed. Countermeasures such as resolving the legislative conflicts, building a unified and coordinated environmental monitoring system, and handling the cross-regional water environment supervision are provided.

Global warming caused by greenhouse gases is a common topic of the entire world. Most countries in the world classify carbon emissions as important considerations for economic development. This paper will highlight the carbon emissions pledges that China gives and actions that China has taken in recent years. Moreover, the writer will propose her suggestions to some areas that China government could try to develop in the future.

Landscape design plays an important role in connecting urban functional areas, ecological purification and beautifying the environment in rainwater treatment. In response to the rainwater problem, China has learned from European and American more mature solutions and proposed sponge cities by combining its own characteristics. However, there still exist problems of insufficient landscape design utilization in the construction of sponge cities. By comparing excellent landscape design cases of “low-impact development”, “sustainable urban drainage system”, and “water sensitive urban design”, this article reaches the conclusion that the significance of landscape design lies in not only cooperating with engineering rainwater treatment methods but providing public space with lasting economic, social, cultural, health and environmental benefits. With such design goals, China’s sponge city construction should Combine humanities and history and cooperate with different environmental assessments in various regions to establish a landscape system suitable for urban development and human living.