At present, femtosecond laser direct writing (FLDW) with high efficiency, has been a popular method to process all kinds of waveguide in optical functional materials. In this paper, the fabrication of Type-Ⅰ waveguides and Y-branch splitters in pure X-cut LiNO3 (LN) crystal by FLDW has been reported. A guiding cross-section configuration has been produced, resulting from a positive refractive index area along the track induced by FLDW. An end-face coupling system has been used to explore the supported guiding modes at 632.8 nm. Experimental results reveal both TE mode and TM mode are supported in the waveguide, and the total loss of TE mode is larger. For Y-branch splitters, with the splitting angle increasing, the total loss increases rapidly.
We demonstrate an all-optical control device based on a structure with nonlinear core layer containing dye-sensitized liquid crystal. We study the signal field coupled out the cladding surface and observe an interesting polarization rotation effect due to the coupling of two different nonlinear dynamics in the nonlinear optical layer. This unique polarization rotation effect allows us to build a compact and low-cost all-optical switching device.
The planar waveguide in Nd:YAG crystal was produced by the 1.4 GeV Kr ion irradiation at ultra-low fluence of 1.2×109 ions/cm2. The propagation loss is measured to be ~2.1 dB/cm at wavelength of 632.8 nm by using the backreflection method. Under optical pumping of 808 nm light continuous wave lasers at 1065 nm have been realized. The maximum output power is 49.3 mW and the slope efficiency is 45.6%.
We report on waveguide lasers at 1064.5 nm in femtosecond laser-written double-cladding waveguides in Nd:GdVO4 crystals. The cladding waveguides guide both transverse electric (TE)- and transverse magnetic (TM)-polarized modes with considerably symmetric single-modal profiles and show good transmission properties (propagation loss as low as 1.0 dB/cm). The detailed structure of the single and double claddings has been imaged by means of μ-Raman analysis, and the observed slight fabrication asymmetries with respect to an ideal circular cladding are in well agreement with the observed differences in TE/TM propagation losses. Importantly, the Raman imaging shows the complete absence of lattice defect at the laser active volume. Under the optical pumping at 808 nm, a maximum output power up to 0.43 W of the continuous wave waveguide laser with a slope efficiency of 52.3% has been achieved in the double-cladding waveguide, which is 21.6% and 23% higher than that from a single-inner cladding waveguide. Furthermore, the maximum output power of the waveguide laser is 72% higher than that of the double-line waveguide due to the double-cladding design.
We report on waveguide lasers at 1064.5 nm in femtosecond laser written double cladding waveguides in Nd:GdVO4 crystals. The core waveguide guides both TE and TM polarized modes with considerably symmetric single modal profiles, and show good transmission property (propagation loss as low as 1.0 dB/cm). Under the optical pumping at 808 nm, maximum output power up to 0.43 W of the continuous wave waveguide laser with a slope efficiency of 52.3% have been achieved, which is 21.6% and 23% higher than those of the laser generated from single depressed cladding waveguide, respectively. Furthermore, the maximum output power of the waveguide laser is 72% higher than that of the double-line waveguide.
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