The geophysical effects of a fire in Moscow on December 09, 2022, which, along with open combustion, was accompanied by an explosion of containers with combustible materials, are analyzed. The results of instrumental observations have shown that during the maximum combustion period, not only acoustic signals, but also variations in the electric field intensity are clearly recorded at a distance of ~ 25 km. At the same distances, the fire caused changes in the wind rose. During the maximum development of the fire, geomagnetic disturbances were recorded at a distance of ~ 90 km from the fire source, which is explained by the effect of internal gravitational waves on the ionosphere, resulting from the formation of a powerful vertical flow of heated material.
Atmospheric effects caused by catastrophic earthquakes in Turkey on February 6, 2023 are analyzed. We used the data of instrumental observations of microbaric variations in the atmosphere and electric field variations performed at the IDG RAS, as well as data obtained by a number of magnetic observatories of the INTERNAGNET network and ionospheric sounding stations of the Athens National Observatory. It is shown that the earthquakes were accompanied by infrasound signals, variations of the magnetic and electric fields at considerable distances from the source, as well as changes in the critical frequency of the ionosphere F2-layer.
Using the results of instrumental observations, acoustic, electrical and magnetic effects caused by the explosive destruction of a bolide on 10/16/2023 near Tomsk were established. It is shown that the effects have a non-local character and are recorded at a significant epicentral distance from the point of explosion of the bolide both during the event itself and during the arrival of the infrasound signal at the point of instrumental observations. Using an approach based on the properties of the infrasound signal not to change the characteristic frequency with distance, the energy of the source was estimated to be 3.7.1013 J.
Within the RSF project 21-79-10051, we created and put into the operation the mobile lidar for monitoring of tropospheric ozone at the sensing wavelengths of 299/341 nm. A technical description of the mobile lidar system is presented. The measurements of tropospheric ozone are carried out in the altitude range from 0.1 to 12 km. First ozone profiles, retrieved in 2022 and 2023, are presented.
Using the results of instrumental observations, the acoustic, electrical and magnetic effects of the explosive destruction of the bolide on November 17, 2021 in the region of Izhevsk was established. It was found that the effects are non-local in nature and were registered at a significant epicentral distances from the explosion. It is noted that variations in the magnetic field were observed both during the fall of the bolide and during the arrival of the atmospheric signal at the registration point. Based on the characteristic frequency of the atmospheric signal, the bolide explosion energy was estimated, which was 9.4•1010 J.
The problem of studying ionospheric disturbances is not only of scientific interest, but also has many important applied aspects. It is known that during solar flares there is a powerful burst of radiation intensity in different wavelength ranges, which has a significant impact on the Earth’s ionosphere. That is why during periods of high solar activity there are significant quantitative changes in the structure of the ionosphere.1 The development of GNSS systems has made it possible to obtain new data both on the state and dynamics of the ionosphere with respect to heights, and on the integral characteristics of the medium (total electron content - TEC) under various heliogeophysical disturbances. The technique presented in this paper made it possible to automatically evaluate the change in TEC caused by solar flares of various classes according to the data of a spatially distributed network of GNSS receivers.
Based on the analysis of the results of instrumental observations, it is shown that the explosion of the volcano caused a series of wave disturbances in the atmosphere, as well as variations in the electric and magnetic fields of the Earth at significant epicentral distances. Atmospheric disturbances were recorded in the form of Lamb waves with a source at the epicenter of the explosion, as well as a virtual source located at the antipode, and the formation of which is associated with the convergence and summation of signals propagating along the Earth's sphere. In addition to the primary waves, secondary and tertiary waves were registered, which were formed as a result of the repeated passage of the signal caused by the explosion around the Earth's sphere. The source energy has been estimated.
Based on the results of the analysis of coordinate data obtained as a result of constant registration at the Mikhnevo Geophysical Observatory of IDG RAS using a stationary GPS receiver, it is shown that during periods of strong geomagnetic disturbances, the positioning error increases significantly. It is shown that the variations of the positioning error in magnetic storms are characterized by a well-defined periodicity with a period of about 3 minutes. In this case, the maximum error is contained in the range of 4 ‒ 26 m and practically does not depend on the amplitude of the geomagnetic variation. The data obtained in this research allow us to consider the variations of the positioning error as an indicator of the disturbed state of the ionosphere and atmosphere during magnetic storms, as well as as a parameter that characterizes the degree of disturbance of the environment and the conditions for the propagation of a high-frequency electro-magnetic GPS signal in it.
Based on the results of instrumental observations, it is shown that magnetic storms cause microbaric variations in atmospheric pressure with an amplitude of 2 to 20 Pa in the range of periods of 20 ‒ 80 min, as well as with frequencies close to the Brent-Väisälä frequency. The spectrum of microbaric variations during magnetic storms contains several quasiharmonic components.
The results of instrumental observations of variations in the vertical component of the electric field strength and atmospheric current caused by strong earthquakes are analyzed. It is shown that strong earthquakes cause alternating variations of the electric field, or bay-shaped variations of the positive or negative sign at significant distances from the event center. Earthquakes are accompanied by variations in the atmospheric current in the form of alternating variations.
The analysis of the results of instrumental observations of variations in geophysical fields during hurricanes in Moscow, recorded for the period 2009 ‒ 2017, is presented. The digital series of the vertical component of the electric field strength, micropulsations of atmospheric pressure and the amplitude of seismic noise were analyzed.
On the example of the Chelyabinsk (February 15, 2013) and Lipetsk (June 21, 2018) events, the geomagnetic variations accompanying the fall of meteorites in the Earth's atmosphere are considered. Using the data of instrumental observations carried out at a number of magnetic observatories of the International INTERMAGNET Network and at the Mikhnevo Geophysical Observatory of Sadovsky Institute of Geosphere Dynamics of Russian Academy of Sciences it is shown that, in general, the fall of meteorites causes a change in the modulus of the magnetic induction vector by up to ~ 3.5 nT, regardless of the distance to the place of impact of the cosmic body. In this case, the horizontal components of the magnetic induction decrease in a bay-like character with an amplitude of up to ~ 8 nT. The geomagnetic effect of meteorite impacts is observed at distances of up to 2700 km. The dependence of the duration of the induced variations of the modulus of the magnetic induction vector on the distance is proposed.
The results of instrumental observations of variations in the electrical characteristics of the near-surface atmosphere during 58 magnetic storms are analyzed. It is shown that geomagnetic disturbances with a station index of magnetic activity K ≥ 5 (Mikhnevo Geophysical Observatory of IDG RAS) are accompanied by characteristic variations in the vertical components of the electric field and atmospheric current. The amplitude of the electric field variations is characterized by a value of 5 ‒ 20 V/m, the atmospheric current with an amplitude of up to 4 ‒ 6 pA/m2.
At the Siberian lidar station, long-term measurements of the ozone vertical distribution are continued at the sensing wavelength pairs of 299 and 341 nm, 308 and 353 nm. The report presents a quasi-three-year seasonal model of vertical ozone profiles formed in recent years, obtained using the differential absorption lidar complex of the Siberian lidar station and the Aura, MetOp satellites in the upper troposphere - stratosphere. A typical seasonal feature of the vertical ozone distribution in Western Siberia is presented. The ozone profiles were retrieved using the vertical temperature distribution from the meteorological satellite data. We analyzed how the existing sets of absorption cross sections influence the deviation of the ozone profiles, retrieved with their application, from the Krueger model and the quasi-three-year model. Since 2021, measurements have been performed at the lidar station with different spatial resolutions from 10 m to 100 m. An analysis and estimation of how different spatial resolutions influence the error of retrieving ozone profile from lidar and satellite measurements in 2021 was conducted.
Based on the analysis of instrumental observation data, it is shown that large fires on gas pipelines manifest themselves in local variations in the amplitude of acoustic vibrations. The formation of a highly heated convective stream of gaseous products over a stationary combustion center provides an intensive supply of cold air into it. In this case, the formation of pressure and temperature gradients near the flame leads to the formation of vortex structures in the atmosphere and the generation of infrasound. An example of a severe fire on a gas pipeline in Moscow on May 10, 2009 is considered.
Based on the analysis of instrumental observation data, it is shown that large fires on gas pipelines manifest themselves in local variations in the amplitude of acoustic vibrations. The formation of a highly heated convective stream of gaseous products over a stationary combustion center provides an intensive supply of cold air into it. In this case, the formation of pressure and temperature gradients near the flame leads to the formation of vortex structures in the atmosphere and the generation of infrasound. An example of a severe fire on a gas pipeline in Moscow on May 10, 2009 is considered.
Using the results of instrumental observations, it was shown that the explosion of the Stromboli volcano on July 3, 2019, caused variations in the atmospheric electric field and the amplitude of the atmospheric current at the Mikhnevo Geophysical Observatory and at the Center for Geophysical Monitoring in Moscow of IDG RAS located at distances of ~ 2450 km and ~ 2500 km from the source, respectively. Anomalous variations in the electric field were also recorded during the period of arrival of the acoustic signal at electric monitoring points.
We consider the disturbances of the magnetic field, electrical characteristics, and microbaric variations in the surface atmosphere caused by a strong earthquake that occurred in Turkey on January 24, 2020. The effects were recorded at the Mikhnevo observatory of Sadovsky Institute of Geosphere Dynamics of Russian Academy of Sciences which is located at distance of ~ 1900 km from the earthquake focus. It is shown that the acoustic effects accompanying the earthquake are caused by two sources: acoustic signal produced by arrival of seismic waves and acoustic signal propagating in the stratospheric waveguide. Using the data of the Mikhnevo observatory, we present the amplitudes of the induced variations in the electric field and atmospheric current. Also geomagnetic variations at different distances from the earthquake focus are presented.
Based on the analysis of instrumental observational data, it was shown that large fires manifest themselves in local variations of the electric field and the amplitude of acoustic vibrations. Above the fire area, the formation of the zone with altered thermodynamic characteristics causes the formation of acoustic-gravitational waves with a Brent-Väisälä frequency during the most intense burning. The examples of the strong fires in Moscow are considered.
A new approach to the prevention of atmospheric hazard in the form of hurricanes, squalls and heavy thunderstorms has been proposed. Anomalous variations of electric and magnetic fields, atmospheric current, as well as increased amplitudes of seismic vibrations and micropulsations of atmospheric pressure, recorded 1–8 hours before the arrival and the onset of the most intense manifestations of these phenomena, are considered as a complex prognostic sign. The obtained data can contribute to improving the reliability of the short-term forecast, as well as being of interest for the development of measures to prevent the negative and catastrophic consequences of strong atmospheric disturbances.
A series of laboratory experiments out to measure the absorption of the OPO laser radiation by methane as part of a calibrated CH4: N2 molecular mixture in a gas cell has been carried. The experiments were carried out in the spectral range of 3.30–3.43 μm, in which there is a fairly strong absorption band of methane and there is no interfering absorption by water vapor and carbon dioxide. The results of measuring the absorption of laser radiation at selected sensing wavelengths and their comparison with the calculated data are presented. Using the developed OPO-lidar system, backscattered signals were received and processed in the range of the spectrum of 3.30–3.43 μm for the horizontal route of atmospheric sensing. Based on the experimental data obtained, the absorption coefficients were estimated and the CH4 concentrations were restored in the spectral range under study at a 800 m atmospheric path with a spatial resolution of 100 m.
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