The spectra of healthy leaves and leaves damaged by the rice brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens) were
measured using a Spectroradiometer with spectral range of 350-1050 nm and resolution of 3 nm. The data was analyzed
using the method of red edge methods. In the range of 430-530 nm and 560-730cnm, the band depth and slope were
calculated. The damage degrees of rice plants caused by the BPH nymphae with different numbers were measured well
by the spectral reflectance. The spectral characteristics of damaged rice under brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugenswere analyzed, and the reflectance was significantly negatively correlated with the number of BPHs. The red edge slope
and edge area of the reflectance also significance correlated with the number of nymphae. The estimation models were
constructed to estimate the BPHs using the spectral reflectance at the wavelengths of 550 nm and 760 nm and the red
edge index. The results showed that accuracy of the estimation models were 66-81% and the spectral reflectance at R755
was efficient for estimating the number of BPHs.
Monitoring of light use efficient (LUE) over space and time is a critical component of climate change research as it is a
major determinant of the amount of carbon accumulated by terrestrial ecosystems. PRI (Photochemical reflectance index)
has provide a fast and reliable method for estimating photosynthetic light use efficiency across species. The aim of this
study was to evaluate the use of ground-based canopy reflectance measurements to detect changes in physiology of
wetland vegetation in response to experimental nitrogen (N) treatment. In this paper, Bulrush with different nitrogen
fertilization were selected to research the influence of varied fertilization levels on the relationship between PRI and
LUE. The results proved that leaf chlorophyll contents as well as canopy PRI increased with the increase in nitrogen
fertilization. For different nitrogen fertilization of Bulrush, the regression coefficients R2 varied respectively. Therefore,
PRI not only can be a reliable indicator of LUE but also can reflect the growing situation of Bulrush with different
precisions of LUE assessment.
The spectral reflectance was measured with hand-spectral instrument in Hangzhou Bay, and the water samples were
collected in situ and analyzed in the lab. The relationships between chlorophyll-a (CHL) and total suspended matter
(TSM) and the measured spectral reflectivity were analyzed, and CHL and TSM concentrations were estimated by using
the combination of the field bands and TM image, respectively. The Empirical algorithm and Bio-optical model were
applied to analyze the chlorophyll and total suspended matter horizontal distribution in Hangzhou Bay wetland.
Comparison of the Empirical algorithm, the bio-optical model were selected and the models have higher precision,
which would be validated for the estimation of CHL and TSM content by using the TM images. Finally, the two
estimation models were discussed to educe the estimation models. Two of the most precise ones were used to estimate
the CHL and TSM concentration. The results showed that TM is one of the appropriate data resources in the
multi-spectral remote sensing to estimate the chlorophyll-a (CHL) and total suspended matter (TSM).
The spectra were measured with hand-spectral instrument in Hangzhou Bay, and the water samples were collected in
situ and analyzed in the lab. The correlations between chlorophyll-a and total suspended matter and the measured
spectral reflectivity were analyzed, and chlorophyll and total suspended matter concentrations were estimated by using
the combination of the field measured spectral reflectance and Quickbird image, respectively. Simulating Quickbird
bands which would be validated for the estimation of chlorophyll and total suspended matter content were described.
The estimation regression models were constructed and discussed in this paper. Two of the most precise estimation
models were used to estimate the chlorophyll and total suspended matter concentration. The results showed that
Quickbird images are the appropriate data resources in the high spatial remote sensing to estimate the chlorophyll-a and
total suspended matter, and it is more precise to estimate chlorophyll content with the two bands of Quickbird image.
The combination of band 3 and band 1 are better to estimate chlorophyll content, and the correlation between band 4 and band1 and total suspended matter is also very close, and the most precise band to estimate total suspended matter is band 4 and band 1.
In Situ hyperspectral data analysis for varied coverage estimation of submerged plant is very important for the
interpretation of remote sensing images. In this study, the hyperspectral reflectance of Vallisneria spiralis was measured
using a Spectroradiometer with spectral range of 350-1050 nm and resolution of 3 nm in Hangzhou bay wetland and the
cover of submerged plant was measured. The results showed that the reflectance rate and the "red edge peak" of the first
derivation of Vallisneria spiralis spectrum rose with its increasing coverage. The relationships between the coverage of
Vallisneria spiralis and the spectral reflectance, spectral indices and red edge at the wavelengths were carried out and
analyzed respectively. These results showed a clear linear relationship between the coverage of Vallisneria spiralis and
spectrum, and the coverage of Vallisneria spiralis could be quantitatively estimated from the reflectance measured in situ.
The hyperspectral remote sensing have a ability and potential to distinguish and monitor the distribution and dynamics of
submerged vegetation on a large scale.
Remote sensing technology can be used to timely monitor the distribution and growth status of algae on a large scale,
but the suspended matter in water bodies may affect the spectral characters of algae, resulting in an inaccuracy of the
interpretation of related remote sensing images. It is very important to improve remote sensing reverse precision and to
understand the influence of suspended matter in water to algae spectrum's characteristic. In this paper, the spectral
reflectance of algae in water with different suspended matter concentration was measured using a Spectroradiometer
with spectral range of 350-1050 nm and resolution of 3 nm. The results showed that the spectral reflectivity of the
algae increased with increasing concentration of suspended matter at the band of 400-900 nm, and a clear linear
relationship between spectral reflectance and suspended matter were found at the wavelength bands. The results
obtained in this study could be used to analyze the effects of suspended matter in water body on the spectral reflectivity
of algae, and provide a helpful way to rapidly and accurately monitor the distribution and dynamics of algae on a large
scale using remote sensing.
Based on TM images of Hangzhou Xixi wetland, two different time classified images were obtained. By using the type
of landscape assessment of ecosystem benefit based on City green model and GIS, the Dynamic Change of Ecosystem
Benefits in Hangzhou Xixi wetland from 1991 to 2005 was researched. Through the changed table for unit area kind of
changing ecological benefit, as well as through the comprehensive analysis of various broad headings area data and the
unit ecological benefit of Hangzhou Xixi wetland from 1991 to 2005, the ecology service value in Hangzhou Xixi
wetland of the two times respectively were calculated. The results show that the ecology service value in 1991was
80.983 million Yuan, and the ecology service value in 2005 was 46.031million Yuan. It indicated that from 1991 to
2005, the total ecology service value in Hangzhou Xixi wetland's was at a drop condition, the value of declination was 107.888 million Yuan.
Terrain roughness and vegetation growth are important influence factors of environment. But it is very difficult to
describe the terrain roughness in remote sensing image. Although with the launch of TERRA, Moderate resolution
Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), with abundant information, quickly acquiring data and wide range of coverage, is
a new data for classication of land area. Considering terrain is still very important problem. This study considered the
characteristics of Zhejiang land planting. The digital slope image derived from the DEM map and multitemporal
MODIS were used for the purpose of improving the classification accuracy of MODIS in large hilly region. Two
methods have been employed till now. One is visual interpretation using digital images. and the other is the automated
extraction of landform characteristics from DEM. Thus, the results obtained from the first method are difficult for future
use. As to the second method, it is difficult to get detailed classifications for example. to distinguish a valley plain from
an open plain by using DEM alone due to the complex nature in landform characteristics. In fact, DEM and digital
image contain different yet complementary information related to landform features Therefore a new method to
integrate landform information of both DEM and MODIS and NOAA-AVHRR image by digitizing signing lines in
MODIS and NOAA-AVHRR image is presented in this paper. With this approach different results of basic landforms
were successfully classified and mapped automatically in Zhejiang Province In addition the spatial variability of
accuracy in classification was also evaluated by sampling points based on an application of Globe positioning system
(GPS).
By using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and Fuzzy method, representative evaluation factors in the aspects of
tourism resources quantity, environmental quantity, tourism conditions, and tourism functions were chosen to build up a
comprehensive quantitative evaluation model to evaluate the eco-tourism resources of Hangzhou region based on GIS.
The results showed that in Hangzhou region, the natural eco-tourism re-sources were superior to the humanity resources.
In the spatial distribution, eco-tourism resources in Hangzhou present circle shape, and it is not balance. Based on the
above analyses, it gives the initial development direction of resource sub area suiting to eco-tourism resources in
Hangzhou.
In the present paper, the spectrum response of Cyanobacter (Chlorella ulgaris) to the stress of heavy metal Pb2+ pollution
was studied in three spectral ranges of the red edge position(REP) (680-740 nm), the visible spectrum (460-680 nm) and
the near infrared spectrum (750-1000 nm). The results indicate that the chlorophyll level reduces with the increase of
Pb2+ concentration in medium. With increase of the Pb2+ content of Chlorella ulgaris, the spectral reflectivity in visible
light and the range of red edge shift ascends, the spectral reflectivity in the near infrared light decreases. The visible light,
the near infrared light and the range of red edge shift are fitted much linearly with the logarithm of Pb2+ content in
Chlorella ulgaris with the high squared regression coefficients of 0.8548, 0.9247 and 0.8475 respectively. The regression
models are reliable to estimate the Pb2+ content in Chlorella ulgaris.
Chlorophyll-a of Chlorella vulgaris had been related with spectrum. Based on hyperspectral measurement for Chlorella vulgaris, the hyperspectral characteristics of Chlorella vulgaris and their optimal hyperspectral quantitative models of chlorophyll-a (Chla) estimation were researched in situ experiment. The results showed that the optimal hyperspectral quantitative model of Chlorella vulgaris was Chla=180.5+1125787(R700)'+2.4 *109[(R700)']2 (P0<.01), and the suitability order of corresponding methods was spectral ratio<single band < reflectance first-derivative. According to hyperspectral characteristics of Chlorella vulgaris, two reflectance crests were around 540 nm and 700 nm and their locations moved right while Chl-a concentration increased. The reflectance of Chlorella vulgaris decreases with Cha concentration increase in 540 nm, but on the contrary in 700nm.
Wetland park ecosystems of Yangtze River Delta are located in highly populated areas and subject to high levels of
contamination. Monitoring of wetlands to assess degrees of pollution damage requires periodic retrieval of information
over large areas, which can be effectively accomplished by remote sensing technologies. The biophysical principles of
remote sensing of vegetation under stress need to be understood in order to correctly interpret the information obtained at
the scale of canopies.
To determine the potential to remotely characterize and monitor pollution, plants of Bulrush, a major component of
wetland park communities in Yangtze River Delta, were treated with two metals to study their sensitivity to pollutants
and how this impacted their reflectance characteristics. Several growth and physiological parameters, as well as their
reflectance were measured. Significant differences between treatments were found in at least some of the measured
parameters in pollutants. Reflectance was sensitive to early stress levels only for cadmium. Pollutants that differ in their
way of action also had different plant reflectance signatures. The high degree of correlation between spectral reflectance
and plant stress by heavy metal contamination showed the potential of using remote sensing to assess the type and degree
of pollution damage.
This paper was to address an issues of human settlement and environmental interaction on the archaeological Ancient
Canal sites in Zhejiang province using Hyperspectral Remote Sensing technology. The reflectance spectra within the
visible-near-infrared (VNIR) region of Ancient Canal ground soil samples were measured in the lab. High-resolution
satellite remote sensing provides cheap and quick data resources for delineating the Ancient Canal. In this paper, the
remote sensing mechanism and spectral characteristics of the Ancient Canal in remote sensing imagery were analyzed. A
gray-slope algorithm is introduced, which can extract Ancient Canal information effectively and easily. Due to the
extensive destroy to the Ancient Canal, it is only 1 or 2 pixels wide in IKONOS imagery. And the gray level between
Ancient Canal and other objects around it is very different, that is, the change of gray level along Ancient Canal is
greater than that of road and sand.
Our study results showed that the feature absorption band center of Ancient Canal around 2288nm, and the
bandwidth was between 2098-2335nm. The absorption features of background soils were at 2180nm and 2350nm, which
were caused by clay minerals and carbonate, respectively. The Ancient Canal could be distinguished from the
background soils by reflectance spectra. These two characteristics and bands threshold, the gray-slope method makes
road and sand separated from the Ancient Canal easily.
Remote sensing (RS) data can be used to estimate the chlorophyll-a concentration of water body, which has become a
key issue of water quality monitoring. Processed and analyzed the MAMS on August 2005, we estimated chlorophyll-a
concentration using ratio and differential coefficient method in East coastal water. But these two models' applicability
confined in single area and single phase. In this paper we used mixing spectral analysis model for extracting
chlorophyll-a concentration and mapping the distribution of chlorophyll-a concentration. The result shows that the new
style of remote sensing data MAMS can be used for monitoring chlorophyll-a concentration, and that mixing spectral
analysis is an optimal method for estimating water chlorophyll-a concentration.
In the present paper, the spectrum response of rice leaf to the stress of heavy metal Zinc pollution was studied in three
spectral ranges of the red edge position (REP) (680-740 nm), the visible spectrum (460-680 nm) and the near infrared
spectrum (750-1000 nm). The results indicate that the chlorophyll level reduces with the increase of Zinc concentration
in soil. With increase of the Zinc content of rice leaves, the leaf spectral reflectivity in visible light and the range of red
edge shift ascends, the leaf spectral reflectivity in the near infrared light decreases. The visible light, the near infrared
light and the range of red edge shift are fitted much linearly with the logarithm of Zinc content in rice leaves with the
high squared regression coefficients of 0.9182, 0.9477 and 0.9445 respectively. The regression models are reliable to
estimate the Zinc content in rice leaves.
Remote sensing (RS) data can be used to estimate the chlorophyll-a concentration of water body, which has become a
key issue of water quality monitoring. In this paper the field water reflectance spectra have been measured and used for
monitoring the water quality of Taihu Lake according to reflectance spectra of water varying with concentrations. After
analyzing the spectra characters, the optimal band range (670-710nm) were selected and the chlorophyll-a concentration
by linear spectral unmixing model were retrieved using known water and chlorophyll-a endmember spectra of in situ
samples. TM and MODIS image was processed and the distribution of chlorophyll-a concentration was retrieved by
linear spectral unmixing method. The result showed that a fine linear correlation existed between the abundance of
chlorophyll-a from the spectral unmixing model and the concentration of chlorophyll-a from the analytical result in the
laboratory, and also shows that spectral unmxing model is a feasible model in the practical application for water quality
monitoring.
The thermal field of urban and suburban areas of Hangzhou tourism city was derived from TM ETM thermal infrared
data and the spatial characteristics and changes were qualitatively analyzed. Water bodies have stable and uniform
thermal field. The land surface temperature (LST), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), buildings
distribution information and water body distribution information of two times TM Image in 1993 and 2003 were
extracted and the influence factors of thermal field time-space characteristics were analyzed. The two times field of 1993
and 2003 become comparable with each other in thermal value. With the other bands of the same data set, the basic
factors affecting the thermal field, namely buildings, greenbelts and water bodies, were identifled by visional
interpretation or image processing. The LST, NDVI, buildings and water body distribution information were calculated
for qualitative analysis of the basic affecting factors. The results show that the effects upon the thermal field gradually
decrease in order of buildings, greenbelts and water bodies. So, in Hangzhou tourism city, many existing greenbelt and
water bodies should be strictly protected and constructed.
As an EOS instrument with 36 bands, MODIS is very useful because of its global coverage, radiometric resolution and
dynamic ranges as well as accurate calibration in multiple thermal infrared bands designed for retrievals of sea surface
temperature (SST), land surface temperature (LST) and atmospheric properties. The paper discusses the influence of main
parameters such as water content density on atmospheric transmittance and radiance. The relationships between the
atmospheric transmittance and different atmospheric height, and different atmospheric water content were analyzed. This
paper introduces and derives the algorithm about retrieving water content of atmosphere from MODIS data. The
retrieving result was analyzed and then MODTRAN was employed to simulate the relationship between the water
content of atmosphere and the transmittance of MODIS bands 31 and 32. The technique has great value to get some
parameters timely with accuracy to every pixel and to monitor the global change.
The comparison of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and percent impervious surface as indicators of
surface urban heat island effects in Landsat imagery were researched by investigating the relationships between the land
surface temperature (LST), percent impervious surface area (%ISA), and the NDVI. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and
Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) data were used to estimate the LST for the Hangzhou City, China. A map of
percent impervious surface was generated using a normalized spectral mixture analysis of July 2003 Landsat TM
imagery. The results indicate there is a strong linear relationship between LST and percent impervious surface, whereas
the relationship between LST and NDVI is much less strong. This result suggests percent impervious surface was a
accurate index instead of the traditionally applied NDVI for analyzing LST quantitatively over the seasons for surface
urban heat island studies.
MODIS data have great potential in rice growth monitoring and yield estimation due to the low cost and high time
resolution Unfortunately MODIS which is a kind of visible-infrared sensor cannot detect land surface through cloud
and cloud-free image is quite rare during rice growth period due to cloudy weather Therefore, cloud contamination is
one of the main obstacles in rice growth monitoring and yield estimation using MODIS data Based on spectral
characteristics of cloud and MODIS channels taking it into account that MODIS data includes thirty-six bands,
especially the infrared channels subdivided, it has realized cloud detection in MODIS images by multi-spectral synthesis
method, infrared difference algorithm, index methods and cloud detection index in this paper. The result shows that
infrared difference algorithm, index methods analysis are the simple and effective methods to detect cloud After
geometric correction the cloud-free images are obtained through interpolating using time series MODIS data and ratio
value using same date data of different year
In this study, Hyperspectral data of two variety of rice (common rice and hybrid rice) in whole growing stage during 2002 and 2003 was measured using the ASD FieldSpec UV/VNIR Spectroradiometer with resolution of 3 nm, and the LAI and leaf chlorophyll content of rice agricultural parameter were obtained. Analyses of the correlation between rice agricultural parameter, and hyperspectal data, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and the red-edge position (REP) were studied. Results showed that a strong non-linear correlation was found between the rice LAI of two varieties and REP. The REP, EVI and NDVI were well related with LAI for the common rice, but the REP and EVI were more sensitive than the NDVI to rice LAI for the hybrid rice because of different body for two variety rice.
KEYWORDS: MODIS, Composites, Reflectivity, Sensors, Satellites, Spatial resolution, Vegetation, In situ metrology, Data modeling, Global Positioning System
Before MODIS products will be applied in rice monitoring, it need to be validated. A site-intensive MODIS product
validation on rice planting region in southern China was performed. Validation approach involved scaling up
independent fine-grained datasets, including ground and high spatial resolution imagery (Thematic Mapper), to the
coarser MODIS spatial resolutions. Results showed that The difference between situ rice LAI and MOD15-LAI in
different rice growth sage is different. The differences are bigger in booting stage, heading stage and milking stage, but
smaller in tiller stage and maturing stage. The 16-day composited MODIS reflectance and VIs matched well with
ground measurement reflectance and VIs. Otherwise, results indicate that the MODIS algorithm will underestimate LAI
value by about 5-10 % in total from 1-km resolution data over the Situ rice LAI at Southern China, the mean and
standard deviation deviated from MOD15-LAI are smaller than that of situ rice LAI.
Studies on the spectral reflectance of canopy and leaves of various cottons were performed. Spectral reflectance of six
variety cotton over the 350-2500 nm range with a spectral resolution of 3 nm were obtained this study. In the early
growth the spectral reflectance of cotton canopy increased with time, but in the later growth the spectral reflectance of
cotton canopy decreased with time. In the main stem of cotton, the spectral reflectance of leaf decreased with leaf
position up. The spectral reflectance of leaf increased with addition of leaves. The curve of spectral reflectance was up
with water losing of leaf. In the single leaf, the spectral reflectance in leafstalk was higher than the spectral reflectance
in edge of leaf. The action of derivative spectra on eliminating background influence on cotton canopy spectra and
that of vegetation indices on determining agricultural parameters were analyzed. The results show that the position and
slope of red edge of canopy spectral reflectance of cotton are certainly correlative to fractional vegetation cover.
The first 19 bands of MODIS, covering visible to shortwave infrared spectral wavelength, were simulated by the
ground-level reflectance spectra. All Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)-like and Ratio Vegetation Index
(RVI)-like spectral indices formed by every two bands were calculated to obtain their determinate coefficients with
theoretical and real yield. Results showed that combinative NIR-infrared index (b2, b19) and (b16, b19) of MODIS
were strongly correlated with rice yield, specially the correlative coefficient exceeded the significant level in maturing
stage, but combinative visible light index were strongly correlated with rice yield in early stage and poorly in late stage.
The best spectral index were the combination of (b2, b19) and (b16, b19) in predicting rice yield in whole rice growth, if
considering the spatial resolution, Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) was better than the two band combination of (b2,
b19) and (b16, b19) and was best suitable for monitoring rice yield.
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