We propose a panoramic vibration measurement system for the inner cylindrical surface of an object based on amplitude fluctuation electronic speckle pattern interferometry and developed according to the Michelson interference configuration. A conical mirror, aligned to the axis of the inner cylindrical surface, is illuminated to transform a single camera view into a panoramic view. After transposing the observation coordinate system, a complete inner 360-deg vibration pattern can be reconstructed. The principle of transformation from a Cartesian-coordinate system to a cylindrical-coordinate system is introduced in detail. The panoramic vibration of the inner circular tube is determined, and the first six modes are analyzed. The comparison and error analysis of the proposed system with the ANSYS simulation results prove the accuracy and feasibility of the system.
A dual-biprism-based stereo camera system, with an imaging model derived from geometrical optics analysis, is proposed for detection of defects on the external and internal surfaces of pipelines. The proposed system, which comprises two biprisms, a lens, a single camera, and common light sources, overcomes the difference in the camera specifications and synchronization mechanism of conventional two-camera systems. Moreover, different fields of views can be obtained by adjusting the angles of the two prisms and the distance between the dual-biprism and the camera. Measurements can be made even for regions in narrow and small areas using a coaxial illumination and speckle-based three-dimensional digital image correlation method. After a typical experiment performed to verify the efficacy of the proposed system, three different types of defects were accurately detected: (1) a local indentation on the external pipe wall; (2) a weld defect in the pipeline that was measured, and the shape and location retrieved after image processing; and (3) a crack on the internal surface of the pipe determined based on strain calculation. These results validate the proposed system as an efficient and convenient tool for defect detection.
The strain errors in stereo-digital image correlation (DIC) due to camera calibration were investigated using precisely controlled numerical experiments and real experiments. Three-dimensional rigid body motion tests were conducted to examine the effects of camera calibration on the measured results. For a fully accurate calibration, rigid body motion causes negligible strain errors. However, for inaccurately calibrated camera parameters and a short working distance, rigid body motion will lead to more than 50-μϵ strain errors, which significantly affects the measurement. In practical measurements, it is impossible to obtain a fully accurate calibration; therefore, considerable attention should be focused on attempting to avoid these types of errors, especially for high-accuracy strain measurements. It is necessary to avoid large rigid body motions in both two-dimensional DIC and stereo-DIC.
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