KEYWORDS: Optical transmission, Modulation, Digital signal processing, Signal detection, Distortion, Tunable filters, Receivers, Transmitters, Single mode fibers, Signal processing
In this paper, we experimentally demonstrated the transmission of 112 Gb/s PAM-4 and PAM-6 signals over standard single-mode fibers for 2 km and 10 km based on a 30GHz-EML. We have used three algorithms, of which MLSE has best BER performance. In consideration of algorithm complexity, FFE is cascaded before MLSE. For PAM-4 signal, the sensitivity is improved by 1 dB when using MLSE compared to FFE.
In this paper, firstly, we employed the a modified coupled-mode theory to investigate the backscattering power characteristics of Rayleigh backscattering (RB) and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), synchronously and precisely. We discovered how the RB and SBS power changed with pump powers and fiber lengths. The scattering power curves with different pump powers could be divided into three regions. The first was called “the linear region of RB”, in which the pump power was mainly converted into RB and the RB power grew linearly with pump powers. The second region was called “the stimulation region of Brillouin scattering”, in which the power was mainly converted into SBS. In “the gain-saturated region”, when the pump power was much higher than the SBS threshold, both the RB and SBS power were gain-saturated. And we got the power curves with different fiber lengths. The power curves were helpful to set up proper launch powers in practical engineering applications, such as optical timedome reflectometry systems and distributed fiber sensors. Finally, we verified our theoretical results by experiments.
Small bubbles are widely present in the marine environment, the presence of small bubbles generated by whitecaps, microorganisms, ships sailing will greatly affect the optical properties of seawater. A lot of work has been carried out around the detection of small bubbles, this article will introduce a method of detecting small bubbles underwater with the way of high-speed imaging underwater. The optical mechanisms to measure the parameters of small bubbles are mainly high-speed photography, laser interferometry and holography. The advantages of high-speed photography are intuitive and low cost, the experimenters can real-time monitor the shooting circumstances, and can obtain more detailed parameters concerning the small bubbles. The paper also discusses an experimental method of high-speed imaging for small bubbles in water, that is to get a cooperative target in the back of the bubbles, then shoot the bubbles, and a lot of experiments with the two methods have been done. In order to compare the imaging quality of the two sets of experiments intuitively, the histograms and the results of edge detecting of the pictures have been given. After compared the results, it is found that the images are clearer and higher in contrast in the case of there is a cooperative target behind the bubbles, and with the imaging rate of the high-speed camera increases, the image quality is significantly reduced.
Multiangle dynamic light scattering (MDLS) compensates for the low information in a single-angle dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurement by combining the light intensity autocorrelation functions from a number of measurement angles. Reliable estimation of PSD from MDLS measurements requires accurate determination of the weighting coefficients and an appropriate inversion method. We propose the Recursion Nonnegative Phillips-Twomey (RNNPT) algorithm, which is insensitive to the noise of correlation function data, for PSD reconstruction from MDLS measurements. The procedure includes two main steps: 1) the calculation of the weighting coefficients by the recursion method, and 2) the PSD estimation through the RNNPT algorithm. And we obtained suitable regularization parameters for the algorithm by using MR-L-curve since the overall computational cost of this method is sensibly less than that of the L-curve for large problems. Furthermore, convergence behavior of the MR-L-curve method is in general superior to that of the L-curve method and the error of MR-L-curve method is monotone decreasing. First, the method was evaluated on simulated unimodal lognormal PSDs and multimodal lognormal PSDs. For comparison, reconstruction results got by a classical regularization method were included. Then, to further study the stability and sensitivity of the proposed method, all examples were analyzed using correlation function data with different levels of noise. The simulated results proved that RNNPT method yields more accurate results in the determination of PSDs from MDLS than those obtained with the classical regulation method for both unimodal and multimodal PSDs.
An ultra-broad band single-polarization single-mode photonic crystal fiberis investigated based on zero order Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP) mode by using the full vector finite element method. Highly wavelength-dependent transmission is obtained because of the bonding zero-order SPP mode stimulated over the interface of gold/liquid. With a filled refractive index (RI) of 1.52, the polarization extinction is higher than 30dB/cm among a large bandwidth of 360 nm in the second communication window. Meanwhile, the linear relationship between the resonant wavelength of the bonding zero-order SPP mode and the RI value of the filled liquid, make it a good candidate for liquid RI sensor with high linearity and sensitivity.
An electrical code-division multiplexing passive optical network (ECDM-PON) method is proposed in which a spectrum-efficient orthogonal coding based on wavelet packet is used. Comparing to the normal Walsh or Gold code which had been used widely in ECDM-PON systems, the proposed coding can reduce bandwidth by about 40% at 8×1.25 Gb/s, which can reduce the optical devices’ bandwidth of the whole system. The principle of the coding is shown. Through experiments, a 1.25 Gb/s per channel by 8-channels downstream transmission of a 10 Gb/s ECDM-PON demonstrates the efficiency of our proposed system. Only 6-GHz bandwidth is enough for transmitting the 8×1.25 Gb/s signal using our proposed method which, achieves a spectrum efficiency of about 1.67 bit/s/Hz. Error free transmission is achieved using 8-chip electrical codes over 20-km standard single mode fiber (SSMF).
KEYWORDS: Antennas, Computer programming, Telecommunications, Multiplexing, Multimode fibers, Modulation, Monte Carlo methods, Digital signal processing, Signal to noise ratio, Fiber optic communications
This paper proposes a dual space diversity technique using both Space Time Block Code (STBC) and mode group
diversity multiplexing (MGDM) in an 10 Gbit/s 1km long optical multi-mode fiber (MMF)communication system. The
simulation results demonstrate that the system based on STBC+MGDM achieves better performance than that only
employing MGDM in the current system.
In three-dimensional (3-D) imaging measurement, the center location extraction of laser bar is one of
the critical techniques in determining the metrical precision of the system. The width and brightness of
laser bar varying with the change of detection distance is an important factor which influences on the
center location determination of laser bar. The underwater 3-D imaging quality is directly affected by
light scattering effect of water. Under coordinate conditions, the width increase and brightness decrease
of laser bar brings great impact on the metrical precision of the system. In this paper, the beam spread
characteristics of underwater laser transferring procedure is studied and the relationship among the
beam spread characteristics of underwater laser transferring, laser beam characteristics and correlative
parameters of water is constituted. Finally, based on the existing relationship between beam width and
beam characteristics in 3-D imaging measurement, the factors which affect the precision of underwater
3-D measurement are obtained by computing beam spread function of underwater laser transferring
under diverse conditions. Calculation result shows that the metrical precision enhances for the
improvement of water clarity as well as the reduction of detection distance.
A novel TE mode transmission waveguide polarizer has been designed based on SiO2/Si waveguide birefringence effect
and based on the coupling mode theory. After numerical simulation by 3D FD-BPM method combined with transparent
boundary condition, the typical polarizer can achieve a high extinction ratio over 50dB with the device length of 8mm at
the wavelength of 1.55 μm. Without increasing the complexity of waveguide manufacturing, this structure can be
directly used as a polarizer, and also can be integrated easily with other waveguide devices.
This paper proposes and numerically investigated a novel high-speed wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical
network (WDM-PON) architecture with colorless user terminals based on the use of a different modulation scheme for
downstream and upstream transmission. In the central office (CO), based on the carrier suppressing functionality of
Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) and differential-phase-shift-keying to amplitude-shift-keying conversion using
Mach-Zehnder delay interferometer, 40-Gb/s optical frequency shift keying (FSK) is generated and employed for
transmitting the downstream data. In the remote node (RN) or optical network unit (ONU), the upstream data is
re-modulated at 2.5-Gb/s by an intensity modulator and sent back to CO with the same fiber. Since only one light source
is needed for each WDM channel, and the MZM to generate carrier suppressed signal can be shared by all the channels, a
centralized 40-Gb/s WDM-PON access system with low-cost configuration is realized. Error free transmission over
20-km SMF can be observed for both downstream and upstream signals in our simulation.
Based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer and optical temporal time delay (OTDL), we propose and demonstrate
experimentally an all-optical 40-Gb/s RZ-DPSK to ASK-Manchester format conversion. This obtained ASK-Manchester
signals have the phase changes due to the demodulation of RZ-DPSK, which is called as phase-incorporated
ASK-Manchester signal. Compared with pure Manchester signal, the simulated results show that the phase-incorporated
ASK-Manchester signal has a compact optical spectrum and lower power at the low radio frequency (RF) frequencies, which
presents high tolerance on chromatic dispersion and little the cross-talk between payload and label. Moreover, the efficiency
and the BER performance of conversion and the dynamic range of fiber input power, transmission length, and chromatic
dispersion tolerance of the converted ASK-Manchester are detailed discussed. Less than 1-dB power penalty over 50-km
SMF transmission is observed.
In this paper, the influence of the burstiness of IP packets on nonlinear effects in dynamical optical Networks such as
XPM (cross phase modulation) and FWM (four-wave mixing) are investigated and simulated by adding revised Poisson
distributed traffic parameters in the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE).From simulations, different eye diagrams
with different IP traffic loads, different fiber input light powers are achieved. When the input power is bigger than 3 dBm
with 40 channels or bigger than 5dBm with 16 channels, the effect of IP bursty traffic could depredates eye diagrams
dramatically. The research results are useful for router finding and system design.
A novel high speed Optical Frequency-domain Transmission method and System (OFTS) based on two time
lenses is proposed and analyzed in this paper. By using the unchanged spectral profile through light
propagations in fiber, the long-haul optical transmission over 100Gbps per channel can be achieved with
highly tolerance of linear distortion such as PMD, chromatic dispersion, time jitter etc. In the novel method
and system, a time lens is used at the transmitter to convert the initial time domain signal into frequency
domain signal. And at the receiver, another time lens is used to transform the received frequency domain
signal back to time domain. To prove the advantages of OFTS, a specifically designed 10×100Gbps OFTS is
numerically simulated over 1880km transmission without PMD compensation.
We propose and demonstrate a novel orthogonal optical labeling scheme based on 40-Gbit/s optical frequency-shift keying (FSK) payload and 2.5-Gbit/s intensity-modulated (IM) labeling. Using the technology of carrier-suppressed modulation and conversion of differential phase-shift keying to IM, only one light source is needed to generate the optical FSK signal. The system performance, including range of IM modulation depth, bit error ratio, and dispersion limitation, is carefully investigated by numerical simulation. With IM modulation depth of 0.4, the 40 Gbit/s FSK payload and 2.5-Gb/s IM label are transmitted over a 50-km standard single mode fiber (SMF) with 0.87 and 0.92 dB penalty and show immunity to input power range upto 11 and 15 dB, respectively. Optimal methods to improve the system performance are also proposed and discussed. After optimization, the IM modulation depth can be reduced to 0.2.
We propose a novel scheme of high bit rate optical frequency
shift-keying transmitter. Base on the periodic notch spectral
properties of Mach-Zehnder delay interferometer and the carrier suppressing functionality of Mach-Zehnder modulator, a
high-speed optical FSK signal can be simply generated with another phase modulator and a single wavelength laser source.
The transmission characteristics of this FSK signal are investigated under varying dispersion management. Simulated
results show that 40Gb/s FSK signal gives only 1dB penalty after 80 km SMF transmission link under the
post-compensation management scheme.
Orthogonal ASK/DPSK labeling is a promising approach to ultra-high packet-rate routing and forwarding in the
optical layer. However, the limitation on the payload extinction ratio (ER) is a detrimental effect for the network
scalability and transparency. In this paper, we propose and experimentally demonstrate that mark insertion coding is an
efficient technique to improve the ER tolerance in optical orthogonal ASK/DPSK labeling scheme using an ASK
payload and a DPSK label. The experimental results show that by applying mark insertion coding to an orthogonally
labelled signal with an ASK payload up to 40 Gb/s and a 622 Mb/s or 2.5 Gb/s DPSK label, the tolerable payload
extinction ratio can be greatly increased up to 13 dB.
A simple low-cost wavelength-shared WDM-PON (Wavelength-Division Multiplexing Passive Optical
Network) system using star-shaped optical fiber couples, one tunable laser, AWG (Array Waveguide Gating)
is proposed in this paper. In this simple architecture, a
star-shaped optical fiber couple and a tunable laser are
used for 32 sources to reduce the cost dramatically. Comparing with the normal OLT(Optical Line Terminal)
controlling ONU(Optical Network Unit) software method, a hardware wavelength collision test method to
avoid the wavelength collision for upstream channels is used in the novel system which can reduce delay
time for upstream channels. Transmission tests show that the system and the method are efficient which are
useful in FTTH(Fiber to Home).
Laser will attenuate during its propagation in water and also be backward scattered by water when it is used to detect
bubbles in the ocean. Meanwhile backward scattering intensity of the bubbles is feeble, its dynamic range reaches to the
order of 6, which saturates PMT and its post-treatment circuit. Timely gating system is used to solve the problem. The
system contains pulsed laser and gating PMT receiver. The wavelength of the laser is 532nm, with pulse width of several
nanometers. Its operational delay is matched with the time period between laser traveling forward and back after
scattered by the target. By doing this, the light scattered by other object is eliminated, dynamic range of the signal
reduces, and consequently SNR increases. In order to avoid Signal Induced Noise(SIN), we choose PMT R1333 having
no HA coating. TTL logical level, which is used as gating signal, controls the first dynode voltage of PMT to implement
gating. Gating speed is about 100ns, of which the width is tunable. By carefully designing the electronic system, SNR is
eliminated to a level as low as possible, and the output signal of PMT is fast integrated in order to reduce the influences
of signal induced by opening the gate.
In this paper, a missed needle rollers inspecting device and a missed needle rollers recognizing algorithm, which are
based on mechanical vision technology, are introduced. The cores of this system are image acquisition devices and image
processing. The image acquisition system is composed of a CCD, lens, low angle light resource, image acquisition card,
and mechanical position. The image processing procedure includes conditioning module, image partition module, image
searching module and the number of needle rollers recognizing module. According to the results of dynamic and static
testing, a method synthesizing the static and dynamic image acquisition is selected. Meanwhile, the specific parameters
of image acquisition and steps of image processing are established. The machine vision technology is used to find the
missed needle rollers, the speed of inspecting is promoted, and an automatically, non-touched and online inspecting
system is realized.
A novel scheme of signaling protocol based on mobile agent and OBS which runs over a core DWDM network is promoted. Design of optical wavelength channels in the scheme is to choose 1310nm band to be control optical wavelength channel to transmit BHPs and 1550nm band to be burst packets optical wavelength channels to transmit BPs.
Referring to RSVP-TE in DCM ASON, significations and formats of signaling messages in the protocol are defined. The key design of scheme is to utilize the structure of active packets in the application of mobile agent MANet to encapsulate signaling messages and traffic together into one BHP to shorten the set-up time of an optical path. Such structure is also used to process distributed disposals to alleviate the workload of one node in the network to promote cooperating calculation ability of each node in the network. The communication between a source node and a destination node through one or multiple intermediate nodes is presented as an example to describe the processing procedures of the protocol. The scheme is implemented in a wavelength router, which is briefly introduced.
KEYWORDS: Digital signal processing, Signal processing, Control systems, Telecommunications, Data communications, Computer architecture, Binary data, Data centers, Computer programming, Systems modeling
An idea about software PnP (Plug & Play) is put forward according to the hardware PnP. And base on this idea, a virtual flexible digital signal processing system (FVDSPS) is carried out. FVDSPS is composed of a main control center, many sub-function modules and other hardware I/O modules. Main control center sends out commands to sub-function modules, and manages running orders, parameters and results of sub-functions. The software kernel of FVDSPS is DSP (Digital Signal Processing) module, which communicates with the main control center through some protocols, accept commands or send requirements. The data sharing and exchanging between the main control center and the DSP modules are carried out and managed by the files system of the Windows Operation System through the effective communication. FVDSPS real orients objects, orients engineers and orients engineering problems. With FVDSPS, users can freely plug and play, and fast reconfigure a signal process system according to engineering problems without programming. What you see is what you get. Thus, an engineer can orient engineering problems directly, pay more attention to engineering problems, and promote the flexibility, reliability and veracity of testing system. Because FVDSPS orients TCP/IP protocol, through Internet, testing engineers, technology experts can be connected freely without space. Engineering problems can be resolved fast and effectively. FVDSPS can be used in many fields such as instruments and meter, fault diagnosis, device maintenance and quality control.
With the development of all-optic network, the research of all-optic wavelength routing technology becomes a hot subject in all over the world. In this paper a new structure optical wavelength router which is feasible in the reality is proposed whose main advantage is having no tunable components and converting multiple wavelengths simultaneously. The proposed design is very similar to a traditional wavelength router structure, but the difference is in two fold. First it uses fixed wavelength converter. This converter converts any input wavelength to fixed wavelength. Second it allows loop back of the light. With this allowance of loop back, we can achieve the ability of tunable wavelength converter using fixed tuned wavelength converter. In comparison with previously reported structures, our design has the advantage of its simplicity and low-cost. The all-optic router prototype is experimentally tested in a small 3X3 network with a STM-16 bit stream per channel.
Ant colony algorithm (ACA) is a novel simulated evolutionary algorithm. It is a population-based approach, which allows positive feedback to be used as the primary search mechanism and provides a new method for complicated combinatorial optimization problems. In this paper, it is used to optimize restoration routing for WDM optical networks. It is improved in three parts of selection strategy, local search, and information modification and it can process the problem of optimal restoration route search for different purpose in the cases of various failure conditions. Through the numerical results of practical networks: CHINANET, the practicability has been proved.
A bubble in water is an example of a scatter for which the refractive index of the core (gas) is less than that of the surroundings. So bubbles in water exhibit scattering phenomena which differs significantly from those for drops in air or solid particles in water. The scattering of bubbles in water as a means to detective the size of bubble has been investigated in many ways such as Mie theory and Davis’s geometric-optics theory. In this paper, a new physics-optics method was applied to manifest the scattering properties of a spherical bubble in water. The angular distribution of intensity of light scattered from a collimated beam that is incident upon a spherical air bubble in water is determined for any bubble with radius greater than a few wavelengths of the incident light. One external reflection, four internal reflections and four refractions are considered. The intensity of scattering light is tabulated and plotted as a function of the observing angle, the effects of the bubble’s radius, the electric field’s polarization of the incidence light and the wavelength of the incidence light on the scattering intensity distribution are also discussed.
This paper has analyzed the random phase errors of AWG (array waveguides grating) induced by fabricate processing and their affects on crosstalk level of AWG between non-adjacent channels theoretically. And a very useful formula which can estimate crosstalk level has been proposed. By using this formula, the DWDM (Dense Wavelength De-multiplexer Multiplexer) components based on AWG can be optimized to reduce their crosstalk level. Finally, a very good design example which non-adjacent crosstalk is -40dB by using this formula has been given.
We study the two-dimensional interleaving for volume holographic data storage systems suffering from both random and systematic errors and propose cyclic shifting as a general interleaving technique for volume holographic memory that can accommodate some range of systematic errors. This technique is simple, and can reduce the complexity of error-correcting code with minimal cost.
We describe a digital holographic storage system for the study on data storage format. Holograms are recorded with combined angle and spatial multiplexing in LiNbO3:Fe by use of the 90° geometry, and reconstructions are detected with a 40-frame/s CCD camera. The data storage format and addressing method that take advantage of the unique characteristics of our volume holographic memory are discussed.
In volume holographic data storage systems, there are brightness variations across the detected image. An incorrect choice of the threshold can cause significant degradation in the BER. Therefore various modulation codes, including global threshold, local threshold, and equal-weight modulation codes, are proposed for volume holographic data storage systems to improve performance by providing their advantages at the decision stage. Considering about our target and the properties of our holographic data storage system, we select a modulation code for our system and realize it.
This paper presents a new fast license plate location method based on gray-scale image. According to the vertical edge features of the characters on Chinese license plate, it applies the threshold iteration to realize license plate location in complicated background. The algorithm satisfies the requirements of a real-time system and has good robustness. The precision of segmentation has been close to 98%.
This paper presents a method of road-traffic parameter detection using optical sensor. It can effectively detect road-traffic parameters by analyzing vehicle and scene information extracted from image. It merely needs optical sensors to complete road-traffic parameter detection in bi- directional and four-lane highway or urban road. The experimental results show that the correct rate of detection is close to 92%, and real-time performance is satisfactory.
KEYWORDS: Nonuniformity corrections, Digital signal processing, Signal processing, Evolutionary algorithms, Control systems, Sensors, Image processing, Neural networks, Staring arrays, Digital image processing
All IRFPAs require nonuniformity correction. Although two- point or multi-point correction algorithms may correct the nonuniformity of IRFPAs they can be limited by pixel nonlinearities and instabilities. So adaptive nonuniformity correction techniques are needed. Many researchers develop the methods of real-time correction based the scene being viewed. The nonuniformity correction process is completed in IRFPA sensor named smart FPA. However, the smart IRFPA is developing. The purpose of this paper is to describe a digital signal processing electronics for the nonuniformity correction. It includes ADSP21060 digital signal processor, 8751 chip and display circuit module. The image data from IRFPA are put into the dual RAM. The ADSP21060 DSP completes the nonuniformity correction function while the 8751 chip operates control function. At the same time, the correction results will be displayed on a monitor. The neural networks algorithms and the constant-statistics algorithm are tested in our digital implementations. When the image size is 60*97, processing time per frame is 14.75 millisecond for the neural network algorithm and it is 12.65 millisecond for the constant-statistics algorithm. Measured results show that digital processing system designed by us may achieve demand of real-time nonuniformity correction based the scene for small IRFPAs.
This paper presents a new algorithm for the fast hough transform. Compared with others, this algorithm not only has a faster speed but also has advantages such as avoiding erroneous solutions, eliminating redundant points, detecting straight lines of different sizes, and selecting threshold automatically etc. We will discuss the performance of this algorithm and will also show its efficiency with examples.
In this paper an efficient image matching algorithm is presented for use in aircraft navigation. A sequence images with each two successive images partially overlapped is sensed by a monocular optical system. 3D undulation features are recovered from the image pairs, and then matched against a reference undulation feature map. Finally, the aircraft position is estimated by minimizing Hausdorff distance measure. The simulation experiment using real terrain data is reported.
When an airborne imagery sensor moves from far to near, for a non-zoom imaging system, the image sequence from a scene will vary with different scales dramatically, state-of-the-art methods based on a single invariant feature or a simple feature, such as moments invariant, shape specific points, topological features and Fourier descriptor, etc., are rendered useless for representing and recognizing a multiscale object in this specific image sequence. Even the image gray-pyramid technique, which has great potential for pattern recognition by template matching with different resolutions, can not provide satisfactory performance due to not knowing exactly the resolution of real images, so there is an increasing need for improvement in multiscale object rendering and recognition. In this paper, we develop a class of algorithms for representation and recognition of a multiscale object in the specific image sequence taken from a sensor moving from far to near, which is called hierarchy features model (HFM) and sequential object recognition algorithm (SORA) based on this hierarchy features model, respectively, and intended to represent a size-changing object and recognize it. Experimental results with many real visual and infrared images and simulated images have shown that when a non-zoom imagery sensor moves from far to near, the HFM is suitable to represent a multiscale object, and the SORA available to recognize it.
This paper discusses the problem of radar to optical scene matching. Because of the different imaging principles, there exists poor similarity between radar images and optical images, and for region features, only exist the relative stable common characteristics: large scale regions. This paper presents a fast and effective matching method to reach the demand of the fast orientation, which makes use of region segmentation technique to extract large scale regions in a radar image, and recognizes the large scale object in it according to the knowledge of the object region in the corresponding optical image to perform coarse location, finally using an additional template matching processing to perform fine location.
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