Wind is one of fundamental meteorological elements describing the atmospheric state. Global wind observation is important to improve the initial conditions essential for numerical weather prediction and meteorological studies. A Doppler wind Lidar (DWL) is a promising approach for global wind profiling. We conduct feasibility study to realize global 4D wind observation from space. In the paper, we describe feasibility study of space-based DWL for future global wind profiling.
Wind profile is fundamental in many atmospheric phenomena. Radiosonde, windprofiler, and Doppler lidar, have been
developed for the wind measurement. Radiosonde and windprofiler are used to obtain wind profiles. About 1,300
weather stations launch radiosondes to obtain profiles of pressure, wind, temperature, and humidity. Most of the
weather stations are on land, while the stations on the sea are very sparse. Spaceborne visible and infrared imagers and
microwave scatterometers can obtain wind data only at a specific altitude. Current wind observations are not enough
and their reliability in the global climate model and weather prediction must be improved. Many scientific groups
anticipate the realization of a global observation system for three-dimensional wind measurements. The spaceborne
Doppler lidar is regarded as one of the candidate sensors for the global wind measurements. The working group on
Japanese spaceborne Doppler Lidar has been established to realize for wind measurements from space. In this paper,
we describe the activities and goals of this working group.
KEYWORDS: Numerical simulations, LIDAR, Doppler effect, Atmospheric modeling, Computer simulations, 3D modeling, Communication and information technologies, Environmental sensing, Transmitters, Sensors
This study presents the coherent Doppler lidar (CDL) observations and numerical simulations of local strong easterly
wind Kiyokawa-dashi, which is most famous gap wind in Japan. Main goal of this study is to clarify the three
dimensional structure and dynamics of Kiyokawa-dashi under the different synoptic situations. Observations were
conducted in August 29 and 30, 2004. A 2μm eye-safe airborne CDL developed by the National Institute of Information
and Communications Technology (NICT) established at the exit of the narrow valley of Mogami-River. The vertical
scanning of CDL with the velocity-azimuth display technique shows that the easterly wind was confined below 600 m,
which is almost same or slightly lower than the crest, and accelerated at the down stream side. The upper layer above
the easterly wind was weak westerly and these vertical structures were common to the all of the events. Horizontal
scanning sounds the line-of-sight (LOS) wind velocity up to 6 km of downstream and presents detailed temporal wind
shift within 5-10 minutes. Numerical simulations have been performed with non hydrostatic atmospheric model (MRINPD
NHM) with horizontal grid spacing down to 1 km. Many of the observed structures were realistically simulated,
but it still has a bias that the detailed temporal evolution wasn't shown in the numerical simulation. The CDL captured
the fine structure and temporal variations of Kiyokawa-dashi. It is a powerful and useful system for studying the wind
field.
It is hypothesized that the South China Sea (SCS) monsoon and the Indian monsoon intensify each other
in the boreal summer. The Indian monsoon westerlies strengthen the SCS monsoon through the WE (Wind-
Evaporation feedback) mechanism, but weaken it through the reduction in SCS SST. The SCS monsoon may have
a positive feedback to enhance the Indian monsoon westerlies through the Walker circulation. Further question
is how the convective activity over the Western North Pacific (WNP) interacts the Indian monsoon westerlies.
The WNP SST may affect the Indian monsoon through the WNP precipitation. In this study, we investigate the
relationships among the Indian monsoon, SCS monsoon and WNP activities from various observational data.
The regression coefficient analyses are made. The data are NCEP reanalysis data, the CMAP precipitation
data and ICOADS SST data averaging over June-July-August (JJA) for 21 years (1982-2002). First, the precipitation
anomalies are regressed to the Indian monsoon westerly anomaly. The result shows that the Indian
monsoon westerlies are positively correlated with the SCS precipitation. It indicates that the surface heating
exchange over the SCS region is largely induced by the Indian monsoon westerlies and/or the SCS monsoon
enhances the Indian monsoon westerlies. Another map of the regression of the 850hPa wind field anomalies to
the WNP precipitation anomaly also shows that the Indian monsoon westerlies are positively correlated with
the WNP precipitation. Completing this result, we confirm that the WNP precipitation and WNP SST have a
positive correlation. Thus, the strengthening of the Indian monsoon westerlies and SCS westerlies may be also
induced by the precipitation increase on the WNP region through the stronger east-west circulation associated
with the warmer WNP SST.
From the above results, it is found that the Indian monsoon westerlies are strongly correlated with the SCS
monsoon activity and the WNP precipitation. Probably, the SCS monsoon is affected by the Indian monsoon
through the WE, and affects the Indian monsoon through the diabatic heating. Further link is found to the
precipitation over the WNP. To confirm the mechanism of correlation, the model study is underway.
The secondary circulation of the southern hemispheric polar vortex diagnosed from objective analysis is compared wtih those estimated from minor constituent observation data by Halogen Occultation Experiment and by Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS). The secondary circulation driven by wave-mean-flow interactions plays an important role in the formation and maintenance of polar vortex. We are developing a diagnostic tool of the Lagrangian-mean circulation and wave-mean-flow interactions for the zonal mean states based on the pressure-isentrope hybrid vertical coordinate. Using this tool, we depict the secondary circulation from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. The zonal mean vertical velocity is downward in the inner region of the polar vortex, while it is almost zero near the edge of the polar vortex. This is qualitatively consistent with the vertical displacement of material surface estimated from the ILAS data of minor constituents. In the mature stage, to our diagnosis, the outer region of polar vortex becomes a major downward branch of the Brewer-Dobson circulation. This must be validated with satellite observation in the future.
Coherent Doppler Lidar (CDL), which has a capability of 3-D wind velocity measurements, can realize a global measurement of the wind profile in the troposphere from space. ISS(International Space Station) has been constructing from last year, and JEM(Japanese Experimental Module) attached to ISS is scheduled to be provided as a laboratory in space. We have been making a feasibility study for ISS-JEM/2-micrometer CDL. We expect that the ISS might give some technical problems because of a large scale and a man attended station. On the other hand, a measurement accuracy of 1m/s is required from the atmospheric science. We have to analyze the systematic error with considering the error factors to meet this requirement. There are two factors of the wind measurement errors caused by the nutation of ISS’s attitude. One of them is a change of receiving power, since it should change distances between CDL and a observing point. In this case, we have already shown that the wind error estimated was only ±0.05m/s (assumed width of pitching angle ; ±3deg). The other factor is a change of orbital Doppler shift. The accuracy of 1m/s is corresopnding to 1MHz. We calculated a frequency of orbital Doppler shift in case of non conical scanning one when ISS has the nutation of attitude with ±3deg,as a pitching angle and a rolling angle,respectively. The results obtained in this syudy are very useful to design a frequency agile CW laser as a local oscillator.In this paper, we describe more details for our analysis.
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