A dual seeded (pump at 1069 nm and second Stokes at 1178 nm) Raman laser system involving amplification of the
second Stokes in a Raman resonator having high reflector Bragg gratings tuned to the first Stokes at 1121 nm is
proposed. This system has the potential of generating 50 W of output power at 1178 nm. Because the laser is seeded
with the desired output wavelength (second Stokes), outputs having narrow or broad linewidths can be achieved. Highly
efficient Raman conversion is achieved in a short Raman fiber (< 20 m) due to high 1121 nm circulating power levels in
the Raman resonator. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering, the 1121 nm circulating power level, and the effects of modal
instability are constraints on the design of a narrow linewidth system. Length of the resonator cavity, power level of the
1069 nm pump, and power level of the 1178 nm seed are parameters that can be adjusted to optimize the design. Usage
of germanosilicate fiber improves the performance of the system. Finally, because of the low power level of available
1178 nm seeds, a two stage system (low and high power stages) is necessary to achieve 50 W of 1178 nm output power.
The efficiency of two tone fiber amplifiers can be changed rather significantly by altering the temperature of the external
environment surrounding the gain fiber. It is shown experimentally that changes in the temperature of the core of the
gain fiber has dramatic effects on the 1064 nm / 1040 nm power distribution in the output of narrow linewidth 1064 nm
two tone amplifiers with a greater percentage of the output being 1064 nm at higher core temperatures. By increasing
the environmental temperature of the gain fiber from 20 to 80°C, the efficiency of a 1064 nm two tone amplifier can be
increased up to 40% with the greatest increases seen in amplifiers seeded hardest in 1040 nm, i.e., having the smallest
1064 nm / 1040 nm seed ratios. This has been attributed to temperature dependence of the absorption and emission
cross-sections at the wavelengths of interest. Finally, the temperature of the gain fiber can be used as a design tool to
enable a higher efficiency 1064 nm two tone amplifier.
We report on experimental and theoretical investigations of single frequency high power PCF amplifiers. A model
describing the interplay among laser gain, thermals effects, and SBS was developed to study the power limitations of
single frequency amplifiers in general, and PCF amplifiers in particular. A distributed noise term was used to initiate the
SBS process with the Stokes light spanning multi-frequency channels. The use of thermal and acoustic gradients in
conjunction was considered and indicated marginal improvement. In the set of experiments, slope efficiencies as high as
77% were obtained with a maximum output of 427 W. The linewidth was measured and yielded values that were less
than 10 KHz. A pump-probe measurement of the Brillouin gain spectrum revealed secondary peaks lying at the highfrequency
side. Measurements conducted on a novel PCF, specifically designed to utilize thermal and acoustic gradients
in conjunction, showed the existence of two primary gain peaks.
We present experimental verification of a novel technique to suppress stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in single
frequency fiber amplifiers. This technique relies on seeding with a combination of broadband and single frequency laser
beams to allow for efficient laser gain competition between the two signals. In the experiment, a monolithic fiber
configuration was used. Broadband 1045 nm light and single frequency 1064 nm light were coupled into an Yb-doped
gain fiber. With appropriate selection of seed power ratio, we were able to generate an output signal predominantly
comprised of 1064 nm light while simultaneously suppressing the back-scattered Stokes light. The slope efficiency for
the two-tone amplifier was approximately 78%; slightly below that of a single-tone amplifier. The SBS threshold for the
former, on the other hand, was appreciably higher than that of the latter which is in excellent agreement with the theory.
In preliminary implementation of this technique at high power, we generated close to 100 W without encountering the
SBS threshold. Finally, we show numerically that due to a favorable thermal gradient much higher powers can be
obtained.
KEYWORDS: Phase shift keying, Optical components, Photodetectors, Phase modulation, Signal processing, Modulation, High power fiber amplifiers, Optical amplifiers, Phase measurement, Signal to noise ratio
We report high power phase locked fiber amplifier array using the Self-Synchronous Locking of Optical Coherence by
Single-detector Electronic-frequency Tagging technique. We report the first experimental results for a five element
amplifier array with a total locked power of more than 725-W. We will report on experimental measurements of the
phase fluctuations versus time when the control loop is closed. The rms phase error was measured to be λ/60. Recent
results will be reported. To the best of the authors' knowledge this is the highest fiber laser power to be coherently
combined.
Two approaches to two- and three-tone seeding of high power ytterbium-doped fiber amplifiers are investigated using a
symbolic and numerical code that solves a two point boundary problem consisting of a 12×12 system of nonlinear
differential equations. Optimization of amplifier action is considered in relation to the two most dominant nonlinear
effects: stimulated Brillouin scattering and four-wave mixing. One approach uses a large wavelength separation among
the input seed beams, while in the other approach the seeds are separated by precisely twice the Brillouin shift. It is
found that for both techniques significant increase in amplifier output can be obtained, although for the latter case a
substantial amount of power is generated in the four-wave mixing sidebands.
We report high power phase locked fiber amplifier array using the Self-Synchronous Locking of Optical Coherence by
Single-detector Electronic-frequency Tagging technique. We report the first experimental results for a five element
amplifier array with a total locked power of more than 725-W. We will report on experimental measurements of the
phase fluctuations versus time when the control loop is closed. The rms phase error was measured to be λ/60. Recent
results will be reported. To the best of the authors' knowledge this is the highest fiber laser power to be coherently
combined.
A new technique for mitigating stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) effects in narrow-linewidth Yb-doped fiber
amplifiers is demonstrated with a model that reduces to solving an 8×8 system of coupled nonlinear equations with the
gain, SBS, and four-wave mixing (FMW) incorporated into the model. This technique uses two seed signals, or 'two-tones',
with each tone reaching its SBS threshold almost independently and thus increasing the overall threshold for SBS
in the fiber amplifier. The wavelength separation of these signals is also selected to avoid FWM, which in this case
possesses the next lowest nonlinear effects threshold. This model predicts an output power increase of 86% (at SBS
threshold with no signs of FWM) for a 'two-tone' amplifier with seed signals at 1064nm and 1068nm, compared to a
conventional fiber amplifier with a single 1064nm seed. The model is also used to simulate an SBS-suppressing fiber
amplifier to test the regime where FWM is the limiting factor. In this case, an optimum wavelength separation of 3nm to
10nm prevents FWM from reaching threshold. The optimum ratio of the input power for the two seed signals in 'two-tone'
amplification is also tested. Future experimental verification of this 'two-tone' technique is discussed.
A diode-pumped rubidium laser with an optical slope efficiency of 69% has been constructed. This study utilized a narrow-line diode laser pump source for the experiments. The trade space study included optimization of various parameters such as lasing cell composition, temperature, and output coupler reflectivities. The results of the experimental study are given.
The first theory for two novel coherent beam combination architectures that are the first
electronic beam combination architectures that completely eliminate the need for a separate
reference beam are presented. Experimental results demonstrating the coherent addition of a
3 by 3 array of fiber amplifiers with a total phase locked power of 100-W are also described.
A novel high accuracy all electronic technique for phase locking arrays of optical fibers is demonstrated. We report the first demonstration of the only electronic phase locking technique that doesn't require a reference beam. The measured phase error is λ/20. Excellent phase locking has been demonstrated for fiber amplifier arrays.
The first theory for two novel coherent beam combination architectures that are the first electronic beam combination architectures that completely eliminate the need for a separate reference beam are presented. Detailed theoretical models are developed and presented for the first time.
We report a novel coherent beam combining technique. This is the first actively phase locked optical fiber array that eliminates the need for a separate reference beam. In addition, only a single photodetector is required. The far-field central spot of the array is imaged onto the photodetector to produce the phase control loop signals. Each leg of the fiber array is phase modulated with a separate RF frequency, thus tagging the optical phase shift for each leg by a separate RF frequency. The optical phase errors for the individual array legs are separated in the electronic domain. In contrast with the previous active phase locking techniques, in our system the reference beam is spatially overlapped with all the RF modulated fiber leg beams onto a single detector. The phase shift between the optical wave in the reference leg and in the RF modulated legs is measured separately in the electronic domain and the phase error signal is feedback to the LiNbO3 phase modulator for that leg to minimize the phase error for that leg relative to the reference leg. The advantages of this technique are 1) the elimination of the reference beam and beam combination optics and 2) the electronic separation of the phase error signals without any degradation of the phase locking accuracy. We will present the first theoretical model for self-referenced LOCSET and describe experimental results for a 3 x 3 array.
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) is a polarization-dependent, nonlinear process that is often the limiting factor for high-power fiber laser applications. We report the results of experiments measuring the SBS thresholds and the SBS gain bandwidths in several passive optical fibers. Fibers with nearly identical mode-field diameters and loss coefficients from different manufacturers were selected. Observations from these experiments indicate that the SBS gain coefficient for fibers from different manufacturers varied significantly resulting in a 70% deviation in SBS threshold. Also, polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber exhibited a significant increase in the SBS threshold for a linearly polarized pump beam that is launched into the PM fiber at 45° relative to the fiber's slow axis. This increase in threshold was not mirrored in non-PM fiber. These results suggest that the polarization multiplier in the SBS threshold equation may be highest when a PM fiber is used with the appropriate launch conditions, rather than a non-PM conventional single-mode fiber. We will present the experimental results and a theoretical model demonstrating the polarization dependent gain properties in both PM and non-PM fiber.
A novel high accuracy all electronic technique for phase locking large arrays of optical fibers is demonstrated. We report the first demonstration of RF phase modulation phase locking for fiber arrays and measure a fringe visibility of 97%. Phase locking was maintained for phase disturbances of 20,000 waves/sec.
KEYWORDS: Free space optics, Receivers, Telecommunications, Optical amplifiers, Signal to noise ratio, Modulators, Free space optical communications, Collimators, Modulation, Single mode fibers
The results of experiments demonstrating the first amplified retro-modulated free-space optical communications link are presented. The amplifier increases the effective area of the retro-modulator by a factor of 318. The first experimental demonstration of a retro-modulator operating at a data rate of 2.5-Gbps is also presented. We will present the details of the experimental system, a simple theoretical model explaining the system performance, and the results of the first amplified retro-modulated link experiments.
KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Frequency shift keying, Telecommunications, Optical communications, Receivers, Modulation, Free space optics, Free space optical communications, Polarization, Liquid crystals
We present the first experimental demonstration of full-duplex communication on a single laser beam. The forward link beam simultaneously transmits the forward link data and serves as the carrier wave for the return link. A fraction of incident forward link beam is modulated and retro-reflected back to the receiver location. The forward link data format must be designed so that it is invisible to the return link’s data detection system. We have named this architecture the “Lightwire. In addition there was no system trade-off required by this architecture. Thus we have demonstrated full-duplex on a single optical beam without any performance penalty. We will present the experimental system and discuss the experimental results.
We report the first demonstration of high resolution mm dynamic range measurements using sinusoidal phase modulation interferometry. Our novel method has increased the range by over 3 orders of magnitude, while maintaining ultra-high accuracy. Simple commercial laser diodes were used and a new algorithm allowed for the first ultra-high accuracy and high dynamic range in real time for a slightly vibrating environment.
In freespace laser communication systems, optical background noise rejection is a very important issue. We have designed and built a building to building direct detection optical communication system that uses a Faraday Anomalous Dispersion Optical Filter (FADOF) in the receiver. The FADOF is a narrow bandpass optical filter, which can provide a background noise rejection of 105 approximately 106, while transmitting the signal with up to 80% efficiency. The FADOF also has a signal bandwidth that is variable between 0.5 GHz and 5 GHz, a field-of-view that is flat over +/- 20 degree(s). FADOFs offer new capabilities to freespace laser communication by effectively reducing the solar background radiation that reaches the photodetector. Using the FADOF receiver, we have demonstrated that 27nW of received signal power gives a bit error rate of 10-6 (limited by the photoreceiver electronic noise) independent of solar noise up to 0.15Watt. We also repeated these measurements under the same operation conditions after replacing the FADOF with an interference filter. The experiments showed three orders higher background noise rejection capability for the FADOF receiver.
Optical frequency offset-locking is demonstrated for application to Doppler shift compensation for a spaceborne optical communication system using a laser diode transmitter and a narrow band-pass filter with a small tuning range at the receiver. The system performs closed loop computer control of a laser diode output frequency and allows tuning of this frequency with respect to a reference. A tuning range of 21 GHz and a tuning speed of 44 THz/sec is demonstrated while maintaining a transmitting stability of <80 MHz. The theory modeling the system is shown to have agreement with the experimental results to within 5%.
The Stark anomalous dispersion optical filter is a wide-frequency-tunable ultra-narrow bandwidth optical filter. The first theoretical investigation of this filter, which matched wavelength with doubled Nd:YLF lasers for deepspace laser communications, is reported. The results show that the filter may provide about 86% transmission, 1.6 GHz bandwidth, 3 GHz noise equivalent bandwidth, and wide frequency tuning range.
Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) has been used for many years in nondestructive testing applications in laboratories. Field applications of ESPI systems have been limited by the need to restrict the amount of light, sunlight and other sources, during operation. Interference filters and other techniques have been tried to increase the applicability of ESPI systems in daylight environments. Each of these attempts have been moderately successful. The FADOF (Faraday Anomalous Dispersion Optical Filter) is a revolutionary filter that improves throughput, field-of-view, and the signal-to-noise ratio of the laser signal returning from the test object. This paper describes the basics of a FADOF and how the filter can be incorporated into an ESPI system.
Common methods for frequency stabilizing diode lasers systems employ gratings, etalons, optical electric double feedback, atomic resonance and a Faraday cell with low magnetic field. Our method, the
Faraday Anomalous Dispersion Optical Transmitter (FADOT) laser locking, is much simpler than other schemes. The FADO'r commercial laser diodes with no antireflection coatings, an atomic Faraday
cell with a single polarizer, and an output coupler to form a compound cavity. This method is vibration insensitive, thermal expansion effects are minimal, and the system has a frequency pull in range of 443.2 GHz (9A). Our technique is based on the Faraday Anomalous Dispersion Optical Filter. This method has potential applications in optical communication, remote sensing, and pumping laser excited optical filters. We present the first theoretical model for the FADOT and compare the calculations to our experimental results.
We report the results of a novel method for frequency stabilizing laser diodes based on the resonant Faraday effects. A Faraday cell with crossed Brewster windows comprises the intracavity frequency selective element. In this arrangement a laser pull-in range of 4A was measured and the laser operated at a single frequency with a linewidth less than 6 Mhz.
The characteristics of a potassium Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter operating on the blue and near infrared transitions are calculated. The results show that the filter can be designed to provide high transmission, very narrow pass bandwidth, and low equivalent noise bandwidth. The Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter (FADOF) provides a narrow pass bandwidth (about GHz) optical filter for laser communications, remote sensing, and lidar. The general theoretical model for the FADOF has been established in our previous paper. In this paper, we have identified the optimum operational conditions for a potassium FADOF operating on the blue and infrared transitions. The signal transmission, bandwidth, and equivalent noise bandwidth (ENBW) are also calculated.
A commercial GaAlAs injection laser is frequency locked to the Rb (D2) transition. A relative frequency stability of 400 Hz is measured for a 24-s averaging time. The frequency stability of this device with only temperature control is 4 kHz. This is a factor of 20 improvement in the state of the art for temperature control stability for semiconductor lasers.
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