Atmospheric turbulence plays an important role in long-range propagation of light pulses. Mid-infrared pulses can propagate in air upto hundreds of meters by forming long channels of plasma due to lower ionization losses compared to near-IR pulses. Such long filamentation channels are useful in atmospheric sensing, remote laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), steering and triggering of electric discharges and other long-range applications. We study the effects of atmospheric turbulence in long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) femtosecond filamentation in air. We numerically investigate the combined effects of turbulence and nonlinearity in the long-range propagation of LWIR pulses at 6 μm. We model the nonlinear response of the atmosphere by including Kerr effect, multiphoton-ionization and rotational Raman effects in air the dispersive response of several atmospheric gas species such as N2, O2, Ar, CO2 CH4 and H2O. We model the turbulence using a phase-screen model. The inhomogeneous medium is represented by a series of phase screens located at regular intervals along the propagation direction. This provides an understanding of the robustness of long range filamentation and propagation of LWIR pulses over turbulent medium which essential for several long range applications including free-space optical communication.
Pulse propagation through hollow-core fibers (HCFs) filled with noble gas is a stable and efficient technique for pulse self-compression. The scalability of soliton dynamics in gas-filled HCFs, varying over a large range of energies, from sub-μJ to above mJ, allows to tune the energy of the generated few-cycle pulses too a great extent. Scaling relations can be used to produce propagation dynamics and effects that are invariant and essentially identical for multiple sets of input conditions. But, for the same input soliton order, the scaling relations derived under different dispersion conditions, such as different gas pressure, result in somewhat different scaling laws. This leads to an ambiguity in the compression factor and compression length for any particular soliton order N. It is thus necessary to find an accurate soliton order which can describe the self-compression dynamics over different dispersion conditions. We numerically simulate soliton self-compression in an argon gas-filled HCF across a wide range dispersion conditions and present an accurate soliton order for better understanding of the self-compression behavior. We introduce an effective soliton order Neff, for explaining the behavior of soliton dynamics in systems with high third order dispersion (TOD). This provides us with universal scaling laws for generating high-energy few-cycle pulses, which are critical for generating single and trains of attosecond pulses, as well as electron and ion acceleration strategies in intense laser pulses.
Sub-wavelength periodic nanostructures have unique properties that can lead to various applications in the field of photonics including cloaking, perfect absorption, perfect reflection and negative refractive index. Dielectric structures, unlike their metal counterparts, have low losses thus providing an alternative in various applications. In this work, we study the light-matter interaction in high refractive index dielectric periodic metasurfaces made of Tellurium cubes in air. In our earlier investigations in this direction with smaller periodicities, we observed a novel non-radiative state (anapole) immediately following a highly transparent state at higher frequencies and a reflection band at lower frequencies. In the current paper, we investigate the effect of periodicity of the metasurface on the response spectrum and most importantly on the observed transparent state. By studying the spatial distribution of the electric and magnetic fields and detailed multipole analysis, we see that the response spectrum is significantly affected by the periodicity of the metasurface. As the periodicity is increased, the band-like structure diminishes and a suppression of the electric dipole resonance is observed while the magnetic dipole resonance remains unaffected except for a shift towards lower frequencies. The highly transparent state which is a hybrid mode of electric dipole and quadrupole, however, is found to be independent of the periodicity of the structure, which has not been reported earlier in detail as per our knowledge.
Recently, there is an increasing interest to create micro-channels on metal thin films for diverse applications, such as biomedical, micro channel heat exchangers, chemical separation processes and microwave antenna. Nanosecond (ns) Nd3+:YAG laser has been studied for generating micro-channels on Cu thin film (35 μm) deposited on polyimide substrate (50 μm). A pulsed Nd3+:YAG laser (532 nm / 355 nm) based scribing was performed in air and water ambiancePlasma shielding phenomenon is observed to influence the depth of microchannel at higher energies. A novel pump-probe experiment has been conducted for verifying the plasma shielding effect in air. In underwater scribing the recast layer was reduced significantly as compared to that in air. Laser scribing of Cu thin film followed by chemical etching using FeCl3 was studied. However, the approach of chemical etching resulted in undercut and thinning of Cu film. Alternatively, laser material processing in NaCl solution was studied. Cl− ions present in the solution reacts with Cu which is removed from the sample via laser ablation and forms CuCl2. Formation of CuCl2 in turn improved the surface morphology of the channel through localized etching. The surface roughness parameter Ra was less than 400 nm for NaCl solution based scribing which is smaller compared to air and underwater based methods which are typically around 800 nm or above. Preliminary studies using femtosecond (fs) laser based Cu scribing in air with the fluence of 0.5 J/cm2 resulted in a crated depth of 3 μm without any recast layer.
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