KEYWORDS: Switches, Microelectromechanical systems, Networks, Fiber to the x, Copper, Signal attenuation, 3D metrology, Network architectures, Passive optical networks, Diagnostics
Interest is high among residential customers and businesses for advanced, broadband services such as fast Internet
access, electronic commerce, video-on-demand, digital broadcasting, teleconferencing and telemedicine. In order to
satisfy such growing demand of end-customers, access technologies such as fiber-to-the-home/building (FTTH/B) are
increasingly being deployed. Carriers can reduce maintenance costs, minimize technology obsolescence and introduce
new services easily by reducing active elements in the fiber access network. However, having a passive optical network
(PON) also introduces operational and maintenance challenges. Increased diagnostic monitoring capability of the
network becomes a necessity as more and more fibers are provisioned to deliver services to the end-customers. This
paper demonstrates the clear advantages that large 3D optical MEMS switches offer in solving these access network
problems. The advantages in preventative maintenance, remote monitoring, test and diagnostic capability are
highlighted. The low optical insertion loss for all switch optical connections of the switch enables the monitoring,
grooming and serving of a large number of PON lines and customers. Furthermore, the 3D MEMS switch is transparent
to optical wavelengths and data formats, thus making it easy to incorporate future upgrades, such higher bit rates or
DWDM overlay to a PON.
Photonic true time delay is very important for phased array antenna applications. The conventional photonic delay line architectures have very high insertion loss. Therefore, the deployment of these photonic delay lines for phased array antennas is not cost effective. In this paper, we will review and compare the performance of different fiber optic photonic delay line architectures. To explore the application of MEMS mirror for photonic true time delay, a multi-base photonic delay line architecture is employed because this architecture has the potential to exhibit ultra-low loss for large binary bit photonic delay. Approaches to implement this photonic delay line architecture based on optical MEMS mirror technology have been proposed and theoretically analyzed. The proposed photonic delay line approaches may provide an ultra-low loss, module, low cost, and deployable photonic delay line for phased array beam forming applications.
In this paper a novel method of realizing digital filters in an incoherent correlator is proposed. A gray-scale complementary encoding method is used to express the positive and negative numbers simultaneously so that the digital filtering will be simplified into a convolution of the encoding images and corresponding filter mask followed by a subtraction operation, which is easily done by optical method or computer. Based on the new method a compact incoherent optical digital filtering unit (IODFU) is built up. In the IODFU a SHARP QA-1200 8.4 inch active matrix TFT liquid crystal display panel is used for displaying the gray-scale images to be analyzed and the filter masks at the same time. The images and filters can be changed by computer-controlling for different destinations. The IODFU is very compact and the processing speed can get to 12 frames per second. At the end of this paper the experimental results are given.
In this paper, based on fuzzy theory, we had discussed the principle and technique of gray-tone image recognition and proposed a novel template-matching structure using optical correlator. In this novel method, a fuzzy relationship matrix, which was constructed by triangle fuzzy set, had been defined to describe the characteristics of gray-tone pixel matching. A changeable m-bit cycle-encoding method has been introduced to realize the fuzzy relation pixel-matching on a correlator structure. We also discussed how to select m correctly for different distortion in gray-level object recognition. This new method improved the performance of the usual optical correlators and got the best balance between the spatial-band width and the processing accuracy. According to this method the optical experimental results are obtained by using an incoherent correlator. We had built up a compact incoherent correlator for gray-tone object recognition.
In this paper a compact opto-electric unit (CHOEU) for digital image processing and recognition is proposed. The central part of CHOEU is an incoherent optical correlator, which is realized with a SHARP QA-1200 8.4 inch active matrix TFT liquid crystal display panel which is used as two real-time spatial light modulators for both the input image and reference template. CHOEU can do two main processing works. One is digital filtering; the other is object matching. Using CHOEU an edge-detection operator is realized to extract the edges from the input images. Then the reprocessed images are sent into the object recognition unit for identifying the important targets. A novel template- matching method is proposed for gray-tome image recognition. A positive and negative cycle-encoding method is introduced to realize the absolute difference measurement pixel- matching on a correlator structure simply. The system has god fault-tolerance ability for rotation distortion, Gaussian noise disturbance or information losing. The experiments are given at the end of this paper.
In this paper, an optical processor for real-time human face recognition is presented. This processor is based on the method of modified complementary encoding hit-miss morphological transform, which combines the foreground and background of an image into a whole. The processor makes use of an incoherent correlator for optical implementation of hit-miss transform in one step and only one commercially available liquid crystal display panel as two real-time SLMs for both input face image and matched face image. The experiment result have shown that the processor has a recognition speed of 10 frames per second, accuracy over 90 percent and error tolerance to distortion-variance within 8 degrees, noise disturbance up to 25 percent and image losing up to 50 percent. The processor has potential applications on real- time human face recognition in customs, banks and stores for security.
Ultra-thin, electrically programmable, low control power optical devices are proposed as adaptive optical alignment correction devices for future deployable photonic modules for RF signal processing applications. A substantial relative optical/RF gain (i.e., 7.92 dB RF gain) in a free- space PDL that requires a fiber remoted feed in the infrared 1300 nm optical spectrum has been successfully demonstrated.
An accurate addressing photorefractive holographic associative memory is presented that uses complementary- encoding method. The experimental result has proved that complementary-encoding can efficiently increase the addressing accuracy of real-time holographic associative memory.
We present a holographic implementation of accurate associative memory with only one holographic memory system. In the implementation, the stored and test images are coded by using complementary-encoding method. The recalled complete image is also a coded image that can be decoded with a decoding mask to get an original image or its complement image. The experiment shows that the complementary encoding can efficiently increase the addressing accuracy in a simple way. Instead of the above complementary-encoding method, a scheme that uses complementary area-encoding method is also proposed for the holographic implementation of gray-level image associative memory with accurate addressing.
We present a single operation mode binary image algebra (SOMBIA) based on a basic operation that is a dilation- complement operation followed by an intersection operation. We also propose the parallel architecture of a compact optical morphological image processor (COMIP) with only one operation mode to efficiently realize the parallel algorithm of SOMBIA. The optical implementation of the basic operation of SOMBIA is finally discussed.
A novel scheme for implementing gray scale image hit-or-miss transform (HMT) in one optical step with only one optical correlator is presented. This scheme uses area- complementary-encoding to represent each pixel of gray scale images. Using an incoherent optical correlator to optically perform correlation and a microcomputer to perform nonlinear thresholding electrically, the area-complementary-encoding gray scale image HMT is realized for auto target recognition.
We present a novel scheme for the optical implementation of hit-miss transform (HMT) in one step with only one optical correlator. This scheme uses complementary-encoding to represent each pixel of binary images, in which a pixel is encoded with two cells and the encoding of pixels with value 1 is complementary to that of pixels with value 0. Using an incoherent optical correlator to perform correlation, the complementary-encoding hit-miss transform is demonstrated. The simulated results and experimental results are given.
An optical implementation of real-time truth table look-up processing is proposed that uses complementary-encoding and multi-exposure hologram with a photorefractive crystal. The processor can be used for performing the functions of full addition, half addition, subtraction, multiplication, and the calculation of complex multi-nominal with any number system.
We demonstrate the weakness of the real-time holographic associative memory implementation in addressing accuracy and describe a novel method to implement associative memory with accurate addressing. In this method, the memory images and their background images are stored in two common holographic memory systems, and the partial image and its background image are simultaneously used to address the two holographic memory systems. The experimental results have proved the system feasible. In addition, we describe a method of associative memory with accurate addressing in a common real-time holographic memory system using combinatorial memory images and combinatorial addressing images.
A neighborhood operation binary image algebra (NOBIA) which has only one basic operation is presented and developed. The basic operation of NOBIA is a convolusion followed by a nonlinear filtering function and then an intersection operation. The parallel architecture of an optical neighborhood operation digital image processor is designed to efficiently perform the parallel morphological image processing algorithm provided by NOBIA, and the optical implementation hardware of the processor is discussed. Using an incoherent optical convoluter as a 3D free space interconnection device, a smart LCLV as an optical nonlinear device, and a simple optical circuit for intersection operation, an optical hardware is constituted and used to realize the basic operation of NOBIA experimentally. Any image transformation can be performed with this hardware by executing the basic operation repeatedly according to proper iterative programming.
We propose and demonstrate a novel method to improve the addressing accuracy of the holographic associative memory. The experimental results are given.
Using an incoherent optical correlator and a liquid crystal light valve, some binary image morphological transformations such as dilation, erosion and edge detection are implemented all optically. The experimental results are given.
An improved pattern recognition method based on morphological transformations is described and simulation results are presented. An incoherent optical morphological transformation processor is used to implement this kind of pattern recognition and the experimental result is given.
The application of morphological transformations in defect detecting of printed circuit boards (PCB) is discussed. Computer simulation results are given to demonstrate defect detection of PCBs with morphological transformations. A programmable optical binary image morphological processor is given to implement this kind of defect detecting.
A programmable hybrid binary image prossor based on morphological transformations is described and its applications are discussed. Using liquid crystal light modulators the fundamental operations of morphological transformations are realized optically.
A liquid-crystal optical modulator called the 2DPL-LCLM is designed to perform 2D pattern-logic operations that can be used in optical digital computations. The structure includes a layer with an array of patterned transparent electrodes between the dielectric mirror and the light-blocking layer. The utility of the device is demonstrated with an application to truth-table look-up symbolic substitution in digital optical computing that demonstrates resilience to the pattern-shift of the technique
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