KEYWORDS: Magnetic resonance imaging, Design and modelling, Tissues, Magnetism, Image quality, Signal intensity, Electrical conductivity, Antennas, Metamaterials, Resonators, Passive control
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a non-invasive and safe imaging method, is largely used for the assessment of multiple organs including knee. Due to the complexity of the knee joint, better images quality are required. Over the last decades, a variety of coil solutions has been proposed to improve MR image quality. Interestingly, dielectric or metamaterial structures have been used as additional devices for their ability to tailor electromagnetic field at a given scale. However, the use of these devices is often limited by their complexity and bulkiness. The present study aimed at improving the B1 transmit field for knee imaging at 3T through the design and manufacturing of a convenient and comfortable passive metasurface. A cylindrical array of conductive stripes was used to redistribute by inductive coupling the radiofrequency field generated by the body coil of the MRI scanner. This design takes no more space than a thin sheet placed around the leg of the patient. We have shown in simulation and experimentally the accuracy of this solution. For a given flip angle during signal acquisition, the improved transmit field allowed a reduction of the necessary input power. In addition to that, the structure had a negligible influence on the electric field inside the tissue and so did not significantly increase the specific absorption rate (SAR).
Neuromuscular diseases are genetic conditions which result in a progressive loss of muscle function. One of the hallmarks is the replacement of muscle by fat tissue which can be quantified using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (qMRI). Although individual muscles are generally affected by this replacement, the corresponding degree of fat infiltration differs from one muscle to another so that Fat Fraction quantification in individual muscles is of importance and this requires a delineation procedure to be performed. Given that the manual delineation is tedious and time consuming, semi-automatic and automatic approaches have been developed over the last decade. More specifically, deep learning approaches have provided promising results for automatic segmentation of medical images and U-Net has been the most largely used Convolutional Neural Network. A modified version of U-Net incorporating an “attention” block (Attention U-Net) has been proposed recently. It has been initially used for the automatic delineation of Pancreas on CT images. In the present work, we intended to compare the performance of 2D U-Net and 2D Attention U-Net for i) the segmentation of individual thigh muscles on MR images from neuropathic patients and controls and ii) the quantification of FF. Our results illustrate that both Attention U-Net and U-Net provide very high Dice scores with a significantly higher value for Attention U-Net (90% to 94.4%) in comparison with U-Net (86% to 94.2%). Nevertheless, a statistical analysis shows that the FF estimation is not significantly impacted by the deviation of the Dice score between the networks. This statistical analysis also shows that Attention U-Net and U-Net allow to estimate a fat fraction comparable with those computed by using the segmentation mask performed by experts.
Metamaterials are a highly topical field of modern physics that has created new exciting technological opportunities in many areas, including medical imaging and sensor developments. Managing near-field light-matter interactions at a subwavelength scale provides new avenues to develop efficient antennas and detectors.
Metamaterials have been proposed as a potential solution to control emission or conversion of light for more than a decade. The Near Zero Index metamaterials have been proposed to design directive emitters. More recently so-called hyperbolic metamaterials have been intensively studied. These structures possess effective permeability or permittivity tensors components such that one principal component is opposite to the two others.
With the example of coils for Ultra-High field magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography we will show how medical imaging could benefit from such control of the electromagnetic waves.
Metamaterials are artificial structures consisting of periodic sub-wavelength elements, they produce a particular electromagnetic response which often cannot be obtained from conventional media. One class of metamaterials called hyperbolic metamaterials (HMM) is widely studied nowadays due to their various applications such as subwavelength imaging and local density of states engineering.1 In this work, HMM consisting of alternating gold, copper, and niobium pentoxide layers was designed and fabricated with plasma assisted electron beam deposition technique. For the accurate description of this material opto-geometrical parameters of thin layers composing it were determined separately using reflection and transmission measurements. Afterward, the produced material was structured using focused ion beam milling and its influence on the Alexa Fluor 647 biomolecules spontaneous emission was studied experimentally with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and time-correlated single photon counting techniques. Combining these techniques enable the measurement of the fluorescence lifetime reduction together with the brightness enhancement per molecule. The same measurements were previously done for the structured gold films3 which let us compare the results. HMM has shown significant emission enhancement compatible with the one produced by a single gold aperture which is known for its good plasmonic properties.
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