The Airborne Laser (ABL) is an airborne, megawatt-class laser system with a state-of-the-art atmospheric compensation system to destroy enemy ballistic missiles at long ranges. This system will provide both deterrence and defense against the use of such weapons during conflicts. This paper provides an overview of the ABL weapon system including: the notional operational concept, the development approach and schedule, the overall aircraft configuration, the technologies being incorporated in the ABL, and the current program status.
The ABL Beam Control design incorporates Common Path/Common Mode (CP/CM) architecture because it provides many important operational features, without which the system would have difficulty performing well in the stressing military environment. These features include 1) tolerance for optical misalignment, 2) elimination of the need for boresighting, 3) graceful degradation, 4) correct accounting for all optical path disturbances, 5) relaxed tolerances of optics, and 6) compensation for thermal disturbances. The concept for CP/CM operation, both in wavefront compensation and in automatic self-alignment and pointing, will be given. Experimental and simulation data will demonstrate the effectiveness of the CP/CM ABL approach.
The presence of the solar magnetic field has a profound effect on the structure of the lower chromosphere, and is responsible for the formation of the upper chromosphere and the corona, and the acceleration of the solar wind. The variation of the field induces variations in the chromosphere and the corona on time scales from 0.001 seconds to centries. SOHO, and subsequent approved solar missions such as TRACE will bring powerful observational capabilities to bear on critical questions relating to solar variability. However, the most fundamental question--how energy is transferred from the magnetic field into the solar plasma--will require observations of diagnostic quality on a spatial scale of 50 - 100 kilometers; this is an order of magnitude beyond the capability of any planned mission. Our mission concept, the Solar Chromospheric and Coronal Explorer (SCCE) is designed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the variability of the solar atmosphere, by attaining spectroscopic observations of the solar atmosphere over a wide range of temperatures (4,500 K to 100,000,000 K), with very high angular (0.1 arcseconds) and temporal (0.001 seconds) resolution, that will permit models of the physical processes that underlie the phenomena of solar activity to be formulated and tested at the scale, 50 - 75 kilometers that appears to be fundamental. The architecture of the SCCE is based on advances in multilayer optics, which permit broad spectral response, and high angular and spectral resolution to be achieved in a volume, and at a cost that is compatible with deployment within the fiscal and physical constraints of the MIDEX program.
The Flight Telerobotic Servicer (FTS) was developed to enhance and provide a safe alternative to human presence in space. The first step for this system was a precursor development test flight (DTF-1) on the Space Shuttle. DTF-1 was to be a pathfinder for manned flight safety of robotic systems. The broad objectives of this mission were three-fold: flight validation of telerobotic manipulator (design, control algorithms, man/machine interfaces, safety); demonstration of dexterous manipulator capabilities on specific building block tasks; and correlation of manipulator performance in space with ground predictions. The DTF-1 system is comprised of a payload bay element (7-DOF manipulator with controllers, end-of-arm gripper and camera, telerobot body with head cameras and electronics module, task panel, and MPESS truss) and an aft flight deck element (force-reflecting hand controller, crew restraint, command and display panel and monitors). The approach used to develop the DTF-1 hardware, software and operations involved flight qualification of components from commercial, military, space, and R controller, end-of-arm tooling, force/torque transducer) and the development of the telerobotic system for space applications. The system is capable of teleoperation and autonomous control (advances state of the art); reliable (two-fault tolerance); and safe (man-rated). Benefits from the development flight included space validation of critical telerobotic technologies and resolution of significant safety issues relating to telerobotic operations in the Shuttle bay or in the vicinity of other space assets. This paper discusses the lessons learned and technology evolution that stemmed from developing and integrating a dexterous robot into a manned system, the Space Shuttle. Particular emphasis is placed on the safety and reliability requirements for a man-rated system as these are the critical factors which drive the overall system architecture. Other topics focused on include: task requirements and operational concepts for servicing and maintenance of space platforms; origins of technology for dexterous robotic systems; issues associated with space qualification of components; and development of the industrial base to support space robotics.
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