For the current ground-based space target surveillance system in China, the task response time is long, the target monitoring system is time-sensitive, and the space-based on-orbit monitoring current monitoring system usually has a small field of view, and the field of view is generally 6°, the monitoring range is limited, and the tracking arc is limited. This paper proposes a design of space-based large field of view monitoring camera. The selection and experimental analysis of high quantum efficiency and low noise detectors, detector refrigeration design and thermal test verification, big angle and high suppression ratio stray light design, this key points of high sensitivity detection camera for dim target are discussed in this paper, and lay the foundation for quickly acquiring the position and orbit information capability of long-range dim targets, providing high-precision cataloging of fast-moving dark space targets, improving the monitoring performance and real-time performance of surveillance systems in China.
KEYWORDS: Target detection, Sensors, Signal to noise ratio, Cameras, Stray light, Satellites, Space reconnaissance, Space operations, Quantum efficiency, Information security
For the current ground-based space target surveillance system in China, the task response time is long, the target monitoring system is time-sensitive, and the space-based on-orbit monitoring current monitoring system usually has a small field of view, and the field of view is generally 6°, the monitoring range is limited, and the tracking arc is limited. This paper proposes a design of space-based large field of view monitoring camera. The selection and experimental analysis of high quantum efficiency and low noise detectors, detector refrigeration design and thermal test verification, big angle and high suppression ratio stray light design, this key points of high sensitivity detection camera for dim target are discussed in this paper, and lay the foundation for quickly acquiring the position and orbit information capability of long-range dim targets, providing high-precision cataloging of fast-moving dark space targets, improving the monitoring performance and real-time performance of surveillance systems in China.
Due to its advantages on the cost, power and size, the study of the CMOS image sensor is considered as an important direction of the development of low-light-level image sensor. However, the sensitivity of current CMOS image sensor does not satisfy the low-light-level application requirements. This paper introduces several key techniques on how to improve the sensitivity of CMOS image sensors. We introduce a novel CMOS low-light-level image sensor based on Geiger mode avalanche photodiode (GM-APD) and digital TDI technology. Noise characteristics and complete signal-tonoise ratio(SNR) theoretical models are constructed for both sensors. A comparison of SNR performance of two image sensors is also done by numerical simulation in this paper. The results show that the novel CMOS low-light-level image sensor outperforms EMCCD at the very low light level.
In optical systems, the lens is the most important element, which has been widely used. Conventional lens takes advantage of its convex interface to change the phase along the light path, in order to focus light to a point in the focal plane. However, their spatial resolution is limited to approximately half of the working wavelength restricting the fine observation of tiny objects particular biological samples. Recently superlenses with high resolution focusing property beyond diffraction limit have been proposed without phase compensation resulting in the lack of ability of focus plane wave. We proposed metalens at mid-infrared region made of metamaterials slab and a phase compensation based on mono-layered concave film realizing subwavelength focusing ability (λ/3). The metamaterials slab consists of 200-layered metal -dielectric structure (doped GaN-Si) possessing hyperbolic regime. The curve shape and electromagnetic property of phase compensation mono-layered concave film is obtained through restrict theoretical computation which related to the parameters of the metamaterials slab. The proposed metalens can also be easily extended to three dimension for realistic application as conventional optical lens.
Airborne photoelectric reconnaissance system with the bore sight down to the ground is an important battlefield situational awareness system, which can be used for reconnaissance and surveillance of complex ground scene. Airborne 3D imaging Lidar system is recognized as the most potential candidates for target detection under the complex background, and is progressing in the directions of high resolution, long distance detection, high sensitivity, low power consumption, high reliability, eye safe and multi-functional. However, the traditional 3D laser imaging system has the disadvantages of lower imaging resolutions because of the small size of the existing detector, and large volume. This paper proposes a high resolution laser 3D imaging technology based on the tunable optical fiber array link. The echo signal is modulated by a tunable optical fiber array link and then transmitted to the focal plane detector. The detector converts the optical signal into electrical signals which is given to the computer. Then, the computer accomplishes the signal calculation and image restoration based on modulation information, and then reconstructs the target image. This paper establishes the mathematical model of tunable optical fiber array signal receiving link, and proposes the simulation and analysis of the affect factors on high density multidimensional point cloud reconstruction.
Long baseline optical interferometry, by combining the lights from widely-distributed telescopes, is shown to afford pronounced improvement in the imaging resolution in comparison with a single telescope. However, the noise and photon loss in the transmission between the telescopes would limit the length of baseline of interferometer to a few hundred meters. Here, we present a scheme for enhancement of long baseline optical interferometer by using quantum resources- noiseless linear amplifier (NLA) and displacement operation at the photon transmission channels. We exhibit this enhancement quantitatively by calculating higher fisher information compared with those of conventional optical interferometer.
For high spatial resolution optical remote sensing imaging system, the performances of sampling imaging system are traditionally designed and evaluated according to the system SNR and the system MTF at Nyquist frequency. On the basis of information theory, this paper proposed an optimization design and evaluation specification based on full remote sensing imaging chain: information density. It combined various imaging quality parameters, such as MTF, SNR and sideband aliasing, as well as included the influences of the scene, atmosphere, remote sensor and satellite platform in in-orbit imaging chain to the imaging quality. The system designs and experiments under different resolutions were also conducted. The experiment result showed that information density can be used to evaluate the performance of sampling imaging system and direct the optimization design of optical remote sensing system with a high spatial resolution.
Remote sensing features are varied and complicated. There is no comprehensive coverage dictionary for reconstruction. The reconstruction precision is not guaranteed. Aiming at the above problems, a novel reconstruction method with multiple compressed sensing data based on energy compensation is proposed in this paper. The multiple measured data and multiple coding matrices compose the reconstruction equation. It is locally solved through the Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) algorithm. Then the initial reconstruction image is obtained. Further assuming the local image patches have the same compensation gray value, the mathematical model of compensation value is constructed by minimizing the error of multiple estimated measured values and actual measured values. After solving the minimization, the compensation values are added to the initial reconstruction image. Then the final energy compensation image is obtained. The experiments prove that the energy compensation method is superior to those without compensation. Our method is more suitable for remote sensing features.
Imaging spectropolarimetry has been explored as a method that increment in our capability to respond to existing requirements, as well as to our insatiable need for more information in remote sensing applications. Spectrometry enables detailed comparison of target and background spectra. The polarimetric state of received radiation contains valuable information about source object surface roughness and orientation, it has the potential to highlight manmade objects despite spectral camouflage. A laboratory breadboard spectropolarimetric system has been design for operation in the visible waveband to demonstrate the potential of this technique for future airborne and spaceborne systems. The experiment setup and some experimental results are presented in this paper.
There has been much recent interest in quantum technology for applications to high resolution imaging and interference measurement. Due to noise and photon loss in the transmission between the telescopes, the current optical interferometers have quite limited baselines to a few hundred meters at most, which limit the resolutions. Here we propose to use noiseless linear amplifier (NLA) to reduce optical loss in the transmission. We also show that NLA can be further improved with local squeezing operator. We envisage that our analysis on this squeezing operator assisted NLA method could help to develop higher resolution interferometers, which would have many applications in stellar observation.
KEYWORDS: Visualization, Space operations, Signal to noise ratio, Space telescopes, Sensors, Visual optics, Optical design, Sun, Aerospace engineering, Astronomical imaging
For supplying the reference to the spaced-based optical observation system design and performance analysis, the space-based observation mode for space debris is established. Considering the geometry size, the material characteristics, and the distribution region of the debris, the visual magnitude of space debris is calculated in the condition of different detection range and different phase angle. Based on the typical instance, the simulation analysis of the space debris detection ability of space-based optical observation system, which is in LEO orbit and Sub-GEO orbit respectively, is carried out. The results show that the LEO spaced-based optical observation system having an aperture of 25cm can detect the LEO 3cm space debris, which is 100km far away and has the relative velocity of 1km/s, and can also detect the GEO 1m space object, which is 37000km far away and has the relative velocity of 4km/s. The Sub-GEO spaced-based optical observation system having an aperture of 25cm can detect the GEO 1cm space debris, which is 800km far away and has the relative velocity of 15m/s.
Planar metalens composed of V-shaped nano-antennas which can realize subwavelength focusing has been fabricated by Focused Ion Beam etching technology. The metalens was completely flat due to the phase manipulation deriving from the different V-shaped nano-antennas aligned in concentric circles. Comparing to conventional curved lens, the as-made metalens was flat and ultrathin (less than thickness of 100 nm) with light weight. Simulation results demonstrated that the focal length can be accurately controlled by changing the arrangement of the nano-antennas.
A quantum-enhanced receiver that uses squeezed vacuum injection (SVI) and phase sensitive amplification (PSA) is in principle capable of obtaining effective signal to noise ratio (SNR) improvement in a soft-aperture homodyne-detection LAser Detection And Ranging (LADAR) system over the classical homodyne LADAR to image a far-away target. Here we investigate the performance of quantum-enhanced receiver in Λ-type soft aperture LADAR for target imaging. We also use fast Fourier transform (FFT) Algorithm to simulate LADAR intensity image, and give a comparison of the SNR improvement of soft aperture case and hard aperture case.
Solar blind UV detecting system has many advantages such as strong environmental adaptability, low error rate, small volume and without refrigeration. To in-depth develop UV solar blind detection system research work has important significance for further improving solar blind UV detection technology. The working principle of solar blind UV detection system and the basic components were introduced firstly, and then the key technology of solar blind UV detection system was deeply analyzed. Finally, large coverage solar blind UV optical imaging system was designed according to the actual demand for greater coverage of the solar blind UV detection system. The result shows that the system has good imaging quality, simple and compact structure. This system can be used in various types of solar blind UV detection system, and is of high application value.
Squeezed light is an important non-classical light field. In this paper, we demonstrated a designed active imaging system
which use squeezed state light instead of coherent light as light source. The squeezed state light is generated by utilizing
the degenerate optical parametric amplifier based on periodically poled KTiOPO4 crystal. In order to obtain better
imaging results, microlens arrays are used for homogenizing the squeezed light. We describe experiment setup and
present some design result.
With the uprating requirements of space remote sensing, the aperture of the optical remote sensor is getting larger and larger. The influences of both the support of optical elements and gravity deformation on the optical system are difficult to conquer. Therefore, it is necessary to compensate the descending optical performance which is caused by the surface error of primary mirror by means of adjusting the position parameters of the optical elements on-orbit. A large aperture coaxial three-mirror optical system is introduced in the paper. Matlab and MetroPro are used to simulate the surface error of the primary mirror. The surface error of the primary mirror is compensated by adjusting the position freedoms of the secondary mirror. The results show that the adjustment of the position freedoms of the secondary mirror can compensate both the coma and some astigmatism of the primary mirror, but not the spherical aberration.
In this paper, a multi-port THz Fourier transform spectrometer is designed to measure Terahertz spectrum. Multi-port optical design make spectrometer more flexible used on pot light source and collimated light source directly, which eliminating the need of external conversion optical path for different light source, and also allows using a variety of external detectors flexibly, extending the spectrometer’s measured range. The Fourier transform spectrometer is described.
A new style calibration mechanism is designed for the infrared camera working in space. This calibration mechanism adds a locking device, which will produce magnetic force to fix the moving parts on the stage of launch. It has not been taken into account in past calibration mechanism of space infrared camera. In order to simplify structure and control system, an alnico is adopted in locking device as the source of magnetic field, which interacts with magnetic material and produces locking force. In addition, there is also a special structural design, which makes magnetic circuit closeitself to control magnetic leakage interfering with other equipment. Besides, another important component of calibration mechanism is a permanent magnet torquer. It can provide driving force for the blackbody to complete two state conversions of calibration and Non-calibration. High magnetic induction intensity and coercivity alnico is used as the stator, which will lighten the weight of torquer. On-off control strategy is selected in order to simplify the control system. Because calibration is only a temporary state, temperature rise has little influence on torquer. This setup is favorable to increase its reliability. There are guard plates on the axial direction shielding electromagnetism, also reducing magnetic leakage. Experimental investigations have been carried out to verify the feasibility and reliability of design. Result indicates the calibration mechanism can primely complete the calibration task of the space infrared detector. It has an important application value on the field of infrared detection.
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