The Hitomi (ASTRO-H) mission is the sixth Japanese x-ray astronomy satellite developed by a large international collaboration, including Japan, USA, Canada, and Europe. The mission aimed to provide the highest energy resolution ever achieved at E > 2 keV, using a microcalorimeter instrument, and to cover a wide energy range spanning four decades in energy from soft x-rays to gamma rays. After a successful launch on February 17, 2016, the spacecraft lost its function on March 26, 2016, but the commissioning phase for about a month provided valuable information on the onboard instruments and the spacecraft system, including astrophysical results obtained from first light observations. The paper describes the Hitomi (ASTRO-H) mission, its capabilities, the initial operation, and the instruments/spacecraft performances confirmed during the commissioning operations for about a month.
The Hitomi (ASTRO-H) mission is the sixth Japanese X-ray astronomy satellite developed by a large international collaboration, including Japan, USA, Canada, and Europe. The mission aimed to provide the highest energy resolution ever achieved at E > 2 keV, using a microcalorimeter instrument, and to cover a wide energy range spanning four decades in energy from soft X-rays to gamma-rays. After a successful launch on 2016 February 17, the spacecraft lost its function on 2016 March 26, but the commissioning phase for about a month provided valuable information on the on-board instruments and the spacecraft system, including astrophysical results obtained from first light observations. The paper describes the Hitomi (ASTRO-H) mission, its capabilities, the initial operation, and the instruments/spacecraft performances confirmed during the commissioning operations for about a month.
We report here the performance of the SXI on ASTRO-H that was started its operation from March,02 2016. The SXI consists of 4 CCDs that cover 38' X 38' sky region. They are P-channel back-illumination type CCD with a depletion layer of 200 μm. Charge injection (CI) method is applied from its beginning of the mission. Two single stage sterling coolers are equipped with the SXI while one of them has enough power to cool the CCD to -110°C. There are two issues in the SXI performance: one is a light-leak and the other is a cosmic-ray echo. The light-leak is due to the fact that the day-Earth irradiates visible lights onto the SXI body through holes in the satellite base plate. It can be avoided by selecting targets not on the anti-day-Earth direction. The cosmic-ray echo is due to the improper parameter values that is fixed by revising them with which the cosmic-ray echo does not affect the image. Using the results of RXJ1856.5-3754, we confirm that the possible contaminants on the CCD is well within our expectation.
The Soft X-ray Imager (SXI) is an X-ray CCD camera onboard the ASTRO-H X-ray observatory. The CCD chip used is a P-channel back-illuminated type, and has a 200-µm thick depletion layer, with which the SXI covers the energy range between 0.4 keV and 12 keV. Its imaging area has a size of 31 mm x 31 mm. We arrange four of the CCD chips in a 2 by 2 grid so that we can cover a large field-of-view of 38’ x 38’. We cool the CCDs to -120 °C with a single-stage Stirling cooler. As was done for the CCD camera of the Suzaku satellite, XIS, artificial charges are injected to selected rows in order to recover charge transfer inefficiency due to radiation damage caused by in-orbit cosmic rays. We completed fabrication of flight models of the SXI and installed them into the satellite. We verified the performance of the SXI in a series of satellite tests. On-ground calibrations were also carried out and detailed studies are ongoing.
PolariS (Polarimetry Satellite) is a Japanese small satellite mission dedicated to polarimetry of X-ray and γ-ray sources. The primary aim of the mission is to perform hard X-ray (10-80 keV) polarimetry of sources brighter than 10 mCrab. For this purpose, PolariS employs three hard X-ray telescopes and scattering type imaging polarimeters. PolariS will measure the X-ray polarization for tens of sources including extragalactic ones mostly for the first time. The second purpose of the mission is γ-ray polarimetry of transient sources, such as γ-ray bursts (GRBs). Wide field polarimeters based on similar concept as that used in the IKAROS/GAP but with higher sensitivity will be used, and polarization measurement of 10 GRBs per year is expected.
Soft X-ray Imager (SXI) is a CCD camera onboard the ASTRO-H satellite which is scheduled to be launched in 2015. The SXI camera contains four CCD chips, each with an imaging area of 31mm x 31 mm, arrayed in mosaic, covering the whole FOV area of 38′ x 38′. The CCDs are a P-channel back-illuminated (BI) type with a depletion layer thickness of 200 _m. High QE of 77% at 10 keV expected for this device is an advantage to cover an overlapping energy band with the Hard X-ray Imager (HXI) onboard ASTRO-H. Most of the flight components of the SXI system are completed until the end of 2013 and assembled, and an end-to-end test is performed. Basic performance is verified to meet the requirements. Similar performance is confirmed in the first integration test of the satellite performed in March to June 2014, in which the energy resolution at 5.9 keV of 160 eV is obtained. In parallel to these activities, calibrations using engineering model CCDs are performed, including QE, transmission of a filter, linearity, and response profiles.
A formation flight astronomical survey telescope (FFAST) is a new project that will cover a large sky area in hard X-ray. In particular, it will focus on the energy range up to 80keV. It consists of two small satellites that will go in a formation flight. One is an X-ray telescope satellite carrying a super mirror, and the other is a detector satellite carrying an SDCCD. Two satellites are put into a low earth orbit in keeping the separation of 12m. This will survey a large sky area at hard X-ray region to study the evolution of the universe.
The joint JAXA/NASA ASTRO-H mission is the sixth in a series of highly successful X-ray missions developed by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), with a planned launch in 2015. The ASTRO-H mission is equipped with a suite of sensitive instruments with the highest energy resolution ever achieved at E > 3 keV and a wide energy range spanning four decades in energy from soft X-rays to gamma-rays. The simultaneous broad band pass, coupled with the high spectral resolution of ΔE ≤ 7 eV of the micro-calorimeter, will enable a wide variety of important science themes to be pursued. ASTRO-H is expected to provide breakthrough results in scientific areas as diverse as the large-scale structure of the Universe and its evolution, the behavior of matter in the gravitational strong field regime, the physical conditions in sites of cosmic-ray acceleration, and the distribution of dark matter in galaxy clusters at different redshifts.
We report on the development status of the readout ASIC for an onboard X-ray CCD camera. The quick low- noise readout is essential for the pile-up free imaging spectroscopy with the future highly sensitive telescope. The dedicated ASIC for ASTRO-H/SXI has sufficient noise performance only at the slow pixel rate of 68 kHz. Then we have been developing the upgraded ASIC with the fourth-order ΔΣ modulators. Upgrading the order of the modulator enables us to oversample the CCD signals less times so that we. The digitized pulse height is a serial bit stream that is decrypted with a decimation filter. The weighting coefficient of the filter is optimized to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio by a simulation. We present the performances such as the input equivalent noise (IEN), gain, effective signal range. The digitized pulse height data are successfully obtained in the first functional test up to 625 kHz. IEN is almost the same as that obtained with the chip for ASTRO-H/SXI. The residuals from the gain function is about 0.1%, which is better than that of the conventional ASIC by a factor of two. Assuming that the gain of the CCD is the same as that for ASTRO-H, the effective range is 30 keV in the case of the maximum gain. By changing the gain it can manage the signal charges of 100 ke-. These results will be fed back to the optimization of the pulse height decrypting filter.
FFAST is a large area sky survey mission at hard X-ray region by using a spacecraft formation flying. It consists of two small satellites, a telescope satellite, carrying a multilayer super mirror, and a detector satellite, carrying scintillator-deposited CCDs (SD-CCDs). SD-CCD is the imaging device which realized sensitivity to 80 keV by pasting up a scintillator on CCD directly. Soft X-ray events are directly detected in the CCD. On the other hand, Hard X-ray events are converted to optical photons by the scintillator and then the CCD detects the photons. We have obtained the spectrum with 109Cd and successfully detected the events originated from the CsI.
For a space use of a CCD, we have to understand aged deterioration of CCD in high radiative environments. In addition, in the case of SD-CCD, we must investigate the influence of radio-activation of a scintillator. We performed experiments of proton irradiation to the SD-CCD as space environmental tests of cosmic rays.
The SD-CCD is irradiated with the protons with the energy of 100 MeV and neglected for about 150 hours. As a result, the derived CTI profile of SD-CCD is similarly to ones of XIS/Suzaku and NeXT4 CCD/ASTRO-H. In contrast, CTIs derived from the data within 4 hours after irradiation is 10 times or more larger than the ones after 150 hours. This may be due to influence of an annealing. We also report a performance study of SD-CCD, including the detection of scintillation events, before proton irradiation.
PolariS (Polarimetry Satellite) is a Japanese small satellite mission dedicated to polarimetry of X-ray and γ-ray sources. The primary aim of the mission is to perform wide band X-ray (4-80 keV) polarimetry of sources brighter than 10 mCrab. For this purpose, Polaris employs three hard X-ray telescopes and two types of focal plane imaging polarimeters. PolariS observations will measure the X-ray polarization for tens of sources including extragalactic ones mostly for the first time. The second purpose of the mission is γ-ray polarimetry of transient sources, such as γ-ray bursts. Wide field polarimeters based on similar concept as that used in the IKAROS/GAP but with higher sensitivity, i.e., polarization measurement of 10 bursts per year, will be employed.
The joint JAXA/NASA ASTRO-H mission is the sixth in a series of highly successful X-ray missions initiated
by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS). ASTRO-H will investigate the physics of the highenergy
universe via a suite of four instruments, covering a very wide energy range, from 0.3 keV to 600 keV.
These instruments include a high-resolution, high-throughput spectrometer sensitive over 0.3–12 keV with
high spectral resolution of ΔE ≦ 7 eV, enabled by a micro-calorimeter array located in the focal plane of
thin-foil X-ray optics; hard X-ray imaging spectrometers covering 5–80 keV, located in the focal plane of
multilayer-coated, focusing hard X-ray mirrors; a wide-field imaging spectrometer sensitive over 0.4–12 keV,
with an X-ray CCD camera in the focal plane of a soft X-ray telescope; and a non-focusing Compton-camera
type soft gamma-ray detector, sensitive in the 40–600 keV band. The simultaneous broad bandpass, coupled
with high spectral resolution, will enable the pursuit of a wide variety of important science themes.
Soft X-ray Imager (SXI) is a CCD camera onboard the ASTRO-H satellite which is scheduled to be launched
in 2014. The SXI camera contains four CCD chips, each with an imaging area of 31mm×
31 mm, arrayed in
mosaic, which cover the whole FOV area of 38' ×
38'. The SXI CCDs are a P-channel back-illuminated (BI) type
with a depletion layer thickness of 200 μm. High QE of 77% at 10 keV expected for this device is an advantage
to cover an overlapping energy band with the Hard X-ray Imager (HXI) onboard ASTRO-H. Verification with
engineering model of the SXI has been performed since 2011. Flight model design was fixed and its fabrication
has started in 2012.
We report on the development of the X-ray CCD for the soft X-ray imager (SXI) onboard ASTRO-H. SXI CCDs are
P-channel, back-illuminated type manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics K. K.
Experiments with prototype CCD for the SXI shows the device has a depletion layer as thick as 200μm, high efficiency for hard X-rays.
By irradiating soft X-rays to the prototype CCD for the SXI.
At the same time, we found a significant low energy tail in the soft X-ray response of the SXI prototype CCD.
We thus made several small size CCD chips with different treatment in processing the surface layers.
CCDs with one of the surface layers treatment show a low energy tail of
which intensity is one order of magnitude smaller than that of the original SXI prototype CCD for 0.5keV X-ray incidence.
The same treatment will be applied to the flight model CCDs of the SXI.
We also performed experiments to inject charge with the SXI prototype CCD, which is needed to mitigate the radiation damage in the orbit.
We investigated the operation conditions of the charge injection.
Using the potential equilibration method, charges are injected in each column homogeneously,
though the amount of the charge must be larger than 20ke-.
We present the development of the data acquisition system for the X-ray CCD camera (SXI: Soft X-ray Imager)
onboard the ASTRO-H satellite. Two types of breadboard models (BBMs) of SXI electronics have been produced
to verify the functions of each circuit board and to establish the data acquisition system from CCD to SpaceWire
(SpW) I/F. Using BBM0, we verified the basic design of the CCD driver, function of the Δ∑-ADC, data
acquisition of the frame image, and stability of the SpW communication. We could demonstrate the energy
resolution of 164 eV (FWHM) at 5.9 keV. Using BBM1, we verified acquisition of the housekeeping information
and the frame images.
Soft X-ray Imager (SXI) is a CCD camera onboard the ASTRO-H satellite which is scheduled to be launched
in 2014. The SXI camera contains four CCD chips, each with an imaing aread of 31mmx31 mm, arrayed in
mosaic, which cover the whole FOV area of 38'x38'. The SXI CCD of which model name is HPK Pch-NeXT4
is a P-channel type, back-illuminated, fully depleted device with a thickness of 200μm. We have developed an
engineering model of the SXI camera body with coolers, and analog electronics for them. Combined with the
bread board digital electronics, we succeeded in operation the whole the SXI system. The CCDs are cooled down
to -120°C with this system, and X-rays from 55Fe sources are detected. Although optimization of the system is in
progress, the energy resolution of typical 200 eV and best 156 eV (FWHM) at 5.9 keV are obtained. The readout
noise is 10 e- to 15 e-, and to be improved its goal value of 5 e-. On-going function tests and environment tests
reveal some issues to be solved until the producntion of the SXI flight model in 2012.
The joint JAXA/NASA ASTRO-H mission is the sixth in a series of highly successful X-ray missions initiated
by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS). ASTRO-H will investigate the physics of the
high-energy universe by performing high-resolution, high-throughput spectroscopy with moderate angular
resolution. ASTRO-H covers very wide energy range from 0.3 keV to 600 keV. ASTRO-H allows a combination
of wide band X-ray spectroscopy (5-80 keV) provided by multilayer coating, focusing hard X-ray
mirrors and hard X-ray imaging detectors, and high energy-resolution soft X-ray spectroscopy (0.3-12 keV)
provided by thin-foil X-ray optics and a micro-calorimeter array. The mission will also carry an X-ray CCD
camera as a focal plane detector for a soft X-ray telescope (0.4-12 keV) and a non-focusing soft gamma-ray
detector (40-600 keV) . The micro-calorimeter system is developed by an international collaboration led
by ISAS/JAXA and NASA. The simultaneous broad bandpass, coupled with high spectral resolution of
ΔE ~7 eV provided by the micro-calorimeter will enable a wide variety of important science themes to be
pursued.
We are designing an X-ray CCD camera (SXI) for ASTRO-H, including many new items. We have developed
the CCD, CCD-NeXT4, that is a P-channel type CCD. It has a thick depletion layer of 200μm with an imaging
area of 30mm square. Since it is back-illuminated, it has a good low energy response and is robust against the
impact of micro-meteorites. We will employ 4 chips to cover the area of 60mm square. A mechanical rather
than peltier cooler will be employed so that we can cool the CCD to -120°C. We will also introduce an analog
ASIC that is placed very close to the CCD. It performs well, having a similar noise level to that assembled by
using individual parts used on SUZAKU. We also employ a modulated X-ray source (MXS), that improves the
accuracy of the calibration. The SXI will have one of the largest SΩ among various satellites.
We have developed a new back-illuminated (BI) CCD which has an Optical Blocking Layer (OBL) directly coating
its X-ray illumination surface with Aluminum-Polyimide-Aluminum instead of Optical Blocking Filter (OBF).
OBL is composed of a thin polyimide layer sandwiched by two Al layers. Polyimide and Al has a capability to
cut EUV and optical light, respectively. The X-ray CCD is affected by large doses of extreme ultraviolet (EUV)
radiation from Earth sun-lit atmosphere (airglow) in orbit as well as the optical light.
In order to evaluate the performance of the EUV-attenuating polyimide of the OBL, we measured the EUV
transmission of both the OBL and the OBF at energies between 15-72 eV by utilizing a beam line located
at the Photon Factory in High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK-PF). We obtained the EUV
transmission to be 3% at 41 eV which is the same as the expected transmission from the designed thickness of
the polyimide layer. We also found no significant change of the EUV transmission of polyimide over the nine
month interval spanned by out two experiments.
We also measured the optical transmission of the OBL at wavelengths between 500-900Å to evaluate the
performance of the Al that attenuates optical light, and found the optical transmission to be less than 4×10-5.
We report on the performance of an analog application-specified integrated circuit (ASIC) developed for the front-end electronics of the X-ray CCD camera system (SXI: Soft X-ray Imager) onboard the ASTRO-H satellite. The ASIC consists of four identical channels and they simultaneously process the CCD signals at the pixel rate of 68kHz. Delta-Sigma modulator is adopted to achieve effective noise shaping and obtain a high resolution decimal values with relatively simple circuits. We will implement 16 ASIC chips in total in the focal plane assembly. The results of the unit test shows that it works properly with moderately low input noise of <30μV at the pixel rate of 80kHz. Power consumption is sufficiently low of 150mW. Dynamic range of input signals is +-20mV that covers effective energy range of the CCD chips of SXI (0.2-20keV). The integrated non-linearity of 0.2% satisfies the same performance as the conventional CCD detectors in orbit. The radiation tolerance against total ionizing dose (TID) effect and single event latch-up (SEL) has also been investigated. The irradiation test using 60Co gamma-rays and proton beam showed that the ASIC has sufficient tolerance against TID up to 200 and 167krad respectively, which thoroughly exceeds the expected operating duration in the planned low-inclination low-earth orbit. The irradiation of the Fe ion beam also showed no latch-up nor malfunctions up to the fluence of 4.7x10^7ions. The threshold against SEL is larger than 1.68MeVcm^2/mg, which is sufficiently high enough that SEL events should not be a major cause of instrument downtime.
We have developed application specific integrated
circuits(ASICs) for multi-readout X-ray CCDs in order to improve their
time resolution. ASICs with the size of 3mm × 3mm were fabricated by employing a Taiwan
Semiconductor Manufacturing Company(TSMC) 0.35 μm CMOS technology.
The number of channels is 4 and the each channel consists of a
preamplifier, 5-bit DAC and delta-sigma analog-to-digital converters
(ADCs). The measured equivalent input noise at the
pixel rate of 19.5 kHz and 625 kHz are 36 μV and 51 μV,
respectively. The power consumption is about 110 mW/chip at 625 kHz pixel rate,
which is about 10 times lower than that of our existing system.
We now expect to employ an ASIC as the readout system of X-ray CCD camera onboard the next Japanese X-ray astronomy satellite. We tested the
readout of the prototype X-ray CCDs by using ASICs and the total-dose effects of ASICs. We describe the overview of our ASICs and test results.
We report on the development of high-speed and low-noise readout system of X-ray CCD camera with ASIC and the Camera Link standard.
The ASIC is characterized by AD-conversion capability and it processes CCD output signals with a high pixel rate of 600 kHz, which is ten times quicker than conventional frame transfer type X-ray CCD cameras in orbit.
There are four identical circuits inside the chip and all of them process CCD signals simultaneously. ΔΣ modulator is adopted to achieve effective noise shaping and obtain a high resolution decimal values with relatively simple circuits.
The results of the unit test shows that it works properly with moderately low input noise of ~70 μV at pixel rate of 625 kHz, and ~40 μV @ 40 kHz.
Power consumption is sufficiently low of <120 μuV @ 1.25 MHz. We have also developed the rest of readout and driving circuits. As a data acquisition scheme we adopt the Camera Link standard in order to support the high readout rate of the ASIC.
In the initial test of the CCD camera system, we used the P-channel CCD developed for Soft X-ray Imager onboard next Japanese X-ray astronomical satellite. The thickness of its depletion layer reaches up to 220 μm and therefore we can detect the X-rays from 109Cd with high sensitivity rather than N-channel CCDs. The energy resolution by our system is 379 (±7)eV (FWHM) @ 22.1 keV, that is, ΔE/E=1.8% was achieved with a readout rate of 44 kHz.
The Soft X-ray Imager (SXI) is the X-ray CCD detector system on board the NeXT mission that is to be launched around 2013. The system consists of a camera, an SXI-specific data processing unit (SXI-E) and a CPU unit commonly used throughout the NeXT satellite. All the analog signal handling is restricted within the camera unit, and all the I/O of the unit are digital.
The camera unit and SXI-E are connected by multiple LVDS lines, and SXI-E and the CPU unit will be connected by a SpaceWire (SpW) network. The network can connect SXI-E to multiple CPU units (the formal SXI CPU and neighbors) and all the CPU units in the network have connections to multiple neighbors: with this configuration, the SXI system can work even in the case that one SpW connection or the formal SXI CPU is down.
The main tasks of SXI-E are to generate the CCD driving pattern, the acquisition of the image data stream and HK data supplied by the camera and transfer them to the CPU unit with the Remote Memory Access Protocol (RMAP) over SpW. In addition to them, SXI-E also detects the pixels whose values are higher than the event threshold and both adjacent pixels in the same line, and send their coordinates to the CPU unit. The CPU unit can reduce its load significantly with this information because it gets rid of the necessity to scan whole the image to detect X-ray events.
We have been developing a hard X-ray polarimeter to open a new window for hard X-ray astronomy. The project is
called as PHENEX (Polarimetry for High ENErgy X rays). The PHENEX detector is Compton scattering type
polarimeter and it is constructed by several unit counters. The unit counter can achieve the modulation factor and the
detection efficiency of 53% and 20% at 80 keV, respectively. Installing four unit counters, we have carried out balloon-borne
experiment in Jun.13 2006 to preliminarily observe the polarization of the Crab Nebula in hard X-ray band. The
PHENEX polarimeter successfully operated on the level flight and observed the Crab Nebula for about one hour. From
the analysis of the obtained data, it was recognized that the PHENEX polarimeter does not make much spurious
modulation and that the ratio of the signal from the Crab Nebula to the background from the blank sky is 1:3. Though we
can not precisely determine the degree and the direction of the polarization for the Crab Nebula because of the trouble of
the attitude control system, the obtained results were not inconsistent with those in the X-ray band. We will carry out
balloon-borne experiment again, fixing the trouble of the attitude control system.
We report on a new photon-counting detector possessing unprecedented spatial resolution and moderate spectral resolution for 0.5-100keV X-rays. It consists of an X-ray charge-coupled device (CCD) and a scintillator. The scintillator is directly coupled to the back surface of the X-ray CCD. Low-energy X-rays below 10keV can be directly detected by the CCD. The majority of hard X-rays above 10keV pass through the CCD but can be absorbed by the scintillator, generating visible photons. We employ the needlelike CsI(Tl) in order to prevent the lateral spread of visible photons. We performed the Monte Carlo simulation with DETECT2000 both to maximize the number of visible photons detected by the CCD and to minimize the lateral spread of visible photons on the CCD. We then fabricated the optimized needlelike CsI(Tl) with 300 μm thick and coupled it on the front surface of the back-illuminated (BI) CCD. The high detection efficiency of BI CCDs in the visible band enables us to collect visible photons emitted from the CsI(Tl) efficiently, leading to the moderate spectral resolution of 30% at 59.5keV combined with the high detection efficiency for hard X-rays. We plan to perform the hard X-ray imaging balloon-borne experiment, SUMIT, in autumn of 2006 at Brazil. We also describe the details about the balloon system of the SD-CCD.
We report on a new photon-counting detector possessing unprecedented spatial resolution, moderate spectral resolution and high background-rejection capability for 0.1-100 keV X-rays. It consists of an X-ray charge-coupled device (CCD) and scintillator. The scintillator is directly deposited on the back surface of the X-ray CCD. Low-energy X-rays below 10 keV can be directly detected in the CCD. The majority of hard X-rays above 10 keV pass through the CCD but can be detected in the scintillator, generating visible light photons there. Since CCDs have a moderate detection effciency for visible light photons, they can be absorbed by the CCD. We evaluated the spectroscopic performance for hard X-rays at the synchrotron facility, SPring-8, and found a good linear relationship between the incident X-ray energy and the pulse height up to 80 keV. The on-axis image
of the hard X-ray telescope, supermirror, was measured by our device at 40 keV. A sharp core and the wing structure can be clearly imaged and high imaging capability of the SD-CCD can be demonstrated.
We have developed a novel architecture to process 2-dimensional digital image data with very high speed. The architecture is realized with an FPGA to extract only the X-ray signals from the raw frame data of an X-ray CCD for an astronomical use. The circuit scale is small enough to be implemented in an FPGA currently available for a space use, while the data processing speed of 107 pixels/sec is achieved. The architecture can be adapted in principle to a wide range of applications.
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