KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Equipment, Observatories, Information operations, Robotics, Software development, Control systems, Control software, Computer architecture
The Intelligent Observatory (IO) is a project of the South African Astronomical Observatory which aims to improve the efficiency of observing, optimize the use of the observatory’s resources and allow rapid follow-up of targets of interest. We have developed software to enable our telescopes and instruments to be programmatically controlled and have used this to develop remotely operable web interfaces for each of these. We are now focused on enabling robotic operation. To this end we have adopted the Las Cumbres Observatory’s Observatory Control System (OCS). This allows users to submit observing requests, and the OCS scheduler produces a schedule of observations for each telescope. We have developed software to retrieve the latest schedule, configure the telescope and instruments accordingly, and take the required exposures. In full robotic mode, it is important that the telescopes and instruments be operated only when safe to do so. We have developed watchdog software, using the same interfaces, to monitor the weather and shut down telescopes and instruments if the weather turns bad.
South African Astronomical Observatory has been spearheading an effort to modernize the optical/IR observing facilities in the country and also from across the African continents to network them to form an Intelligent Observatory (IO), operating robotically from a centralized control brain. To achieve such an ambitious system, one need to be equipped with modern technologies, computation capabilities, real-time coordination between observers and observatory, autonomous trigger management system etc. The primary objective is to enable a comprehensive facility for the follow up observations triggered by the most sophisticated global facilities like LSST, ROMAN, zTF, CTA etc. in near future. The recent developments at SAAO, the Observatory Control System (OCS) has proven to be an integrated sub-component of the complex IO architecture. The OCS, because of a simplistic fragmentation in terms of the definitions of the various components: such as telescopes, instruments, observations, logging; helped the IO architecture uniquely to integrate very old telescope and instruments, originally not designed for the automated operations. The OCS has reduced a lot of burden of the observatory management team by providing a communicable database for managements and data visualization.
In the operation of robotic telescopes, ensuring equipment protection from adverse weather conditions and avoiding unproductive observations during heavy cloud cover are essential. Traditional methods of monitoring the sky for cloud typically involve IR cloud sensors that are prone to degradation and require regular calibration to provide reliable data. To address this, we propose a more sophisticated and reliable approach: comparing real-time zero-point values from astrometrically and photometrically calibrated all-sky images, provided by the ATLAS project, with a master reference zero-point map captured by the same system under ideal cloudless conditions to conduct a spatially resolved assessment of cloud cover across the entire visible sky. Currently, this method guides a basic decision of whether to observe or not. However, in the future, a more sophisticated approach could determine which sections of the sky are suitable for observation and limit observation requests to those specific areas.
The South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) has launched a strategic upgrade program named the Intelligent Observatory (IO), aiming to advance SAAO into the so-called fourth industrial revolution. Over the past two years, this initiative has achieved a significant milestone: all three of SAAO’s primary telescopes have been upgraded to support remote operations from anywhere in the world, with one telescope now fully automated. This enhancement in operational capabilities significantly bolsters support for all scientific endeavors, especially in the domains of transient and time-domain science, the core focus areas of the IO. Moreover, these upgrades open new avenues for synergistic integration with other hosted telescopes on the Sutherland plateau, as well as with additional ground-based and space-based observatories. In our ongoing quest for efficiency and responsiveness, we are developing sophisticated algorithms capable of adapting observational strategies in real-time based on dynamic weather patterns. Additionally, the creation of a comprehensive science archive is underway, which will offer fully reduced data products from all telescopes and instruments.
The South African Astronomical Observatory’s (SAAO’s) “Intelligent Observatory” (IO) project is an initiative that aims to future-proof and strategically position the SAAO as a follow-up characterisation “machine” for transient alerts using the diverse facilities owned and hosted by the observatory. We present an overview of the many facilities available at the SAAO, with a particular emphasis on the new and upgraded facilities tailored towards autonomous rapid-response observing. Additionally, we delve into some of the scientific programs that currently leverage these new capabilities.
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