Mr. Koen W. Benoist Profile

Koen W. Benoist

at TNO Defence Security and Safety

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (20)

Proceedings Article | 1 November 2024 Presentation + Paper

Physics-based infrared high elevation engagement modelling of naval platforms

L. C. Scheers, B. Devecchi, M. Oppeneer, E. N. van Veen, J. Hortensius, R. J. den Hollander, S. van den Broek, K. Benoist, H. E. T. Veerman, H.M. Schleijpen

Proceedings Volume 13199, 1319909 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3031988

KEYWORDS: Atmospheric propagation

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Proceedings Article | 17 October 2019 Presentation + Paper

Modelling sea clutter infrared synthetic images

B. Devecchi, K. Benoist, L. C. Scheers, H. E. Veerman, S. Binsbergen, A. M. van Eijk

Proceedings Volume 11158, 111580K (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2535820

KEYWORDS: Modeling, Atmospheric modeling, Infrared imaging, Infrared signatures, Cameras, Atmospheric monitoring, Remote sensing, Environmental monitoring, Surveillance, Thermal modeling

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Proceedings Article | 19 September 2016 Paper

The influence of meteorological parameters on dynamic infrared signatures

M. van Iersel, H. E. Veerman, L. Cohen, K. Benoist, S. van Binsbergen, F. van Riggelen, B. J. Peet

Proceedings Volume 9979, 99790T (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2239474

KEYWORDS: Infrared signatures, Meteorology, Thermal modeling, Temperature metrology, Cameras, Infrared cameras, Long wavelength infrared, Mid-IR, Metals, Solids

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Proceedings Article | 4 September 2015 Paper

Infrared signature evolution of a CUBI

M. van Iersel, A. van Eijk, H. Veerman, K. Benoist, L. Cohen

Proceedings Volume 9614, 96140H (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2191262

KEYWORDS: Infrared signatures, Temperature metrology, Refractive index, Infrared cameras, Meteorology, Cameras, Long wavelength infrared, Sun, Mid-IR, Clouds

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Proceedings Article | 21 October 2014 Paper

Characteristics of turbulence driven atmospheric blur over coastal water

Arie de Jong, Piet B. Schwering, Koen Benoist, Willem Gunter, George Vrahimis, Faith October

Proceedings Volume 9242, 92421H (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2066192

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Modulation transfer functions, Scintillation, Data conversion, Turbulence, Cameras, Wavefronts, Water, Electro optical sensors, Refractive index

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For users of Electro-Optical (EO) sensors at sea, knowledge on their resolution is of key operational importance for the prediction of the obtainable classification ranges. Small targets may be located at ranges of 20 km and more and the present day sensor pixel size may be as small as 10 μrad. In this type of scenarios, sensor resolution will be limited by blur, generated by atmospheric turbulence, easily being greater than 30 μrad (at 20 km range). Predictions of the blur size are generally based upon the theory, developed by Fried [1]. In this theory, the turbulence strength is characterized by the structure parameter for the refractive index C_n ², of which data are assumed to be available from secondary instruments. The theory predicts the atmospheric Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), which can be incorporated into the total system MTF, used in range performance predictions, as described by Holst [2]. Validation of blur predictions by measurements is a complex effort due to the rapid variations of the blur with time and the problems associated with the simultaneous acquisition of proper C_n ² data. During the FATMOSE trial, carried out over a range of 15.7 km in the False Bay near Simon’s Town (South Africa) from November 2009 to October 2010, these data were collected in a large variety of atmospheric conditions [3]. In stead of the atmospheric MTF, the horizontal and vertical line spread function (LSF) was measured with a camera with 5 μrad resolution. Various methods for the determination of the LSF and the associated problems are discussed in the paper. The width of the LSF is via its Fourier transform directly related to the MTF. C_n ² data were collected with a standard BLS scintillometer over a nearby range. Additional C_n ²data were obtained via conversion of the scintillation data from the same camera and from a high speed transmissometer, collecting data over the same range. Comparisons between blur and Beam Wander predictions and measurements from the FATMOSE campaign are discussed in the paper as well as their impact on the range performance of present day sensors at sea.

Proceedings Article | 7 October 2014 Paper

Ship recognition for improved persistent tracking with descriptor localization and compact representations

Sebastiaan van den Broek, Henri Bouma, Richard den Hollander, Henny E. Veerman, Koen Benoist, Piet Schwering

Proceedings Volume 9249, 92490N (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2067302

KEYWORDS: Infrared imaging, Infrared radiation, Image segmentation, Situational awareness sensors, Cameras, Image resolution, Electro optics, Feature extraction, Unmanned aerial vehicles, Detection and tracking algorithms

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Proceedings Article | 7 October 2014 Paper

Modeling of the over-exposed pixel area of CCD cameras caused by laser dazzling

Koen Benoist, Ric Schleijpen

Proceedings Volume 9251, 92510H (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2066305

KEYWORDS: Cameras, CCD cameras, Point spread functions, Sensors, Systems modeling, Laser energy, Wavefronts, Quantum efficiency, Infrared cameras, Laser countermeasures

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Proceedings Article | 20 June 2014 Paper

Recognition of ships for long-term tracking

Sebastiaan van den Broek, Henri Bouma, Henny Veerman, Koen Benoist, Richard den Hollander, Piet B. Schwering

Proceedings Volume 9091, 909107 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2053295

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Cameras, Infrared radiation, Image segmentation, Principal component analysis, Infrared imaging, Mid-IR, Situational awareness sensors, Electro optics, Ions

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Proceedings Article | 15 October 2013 Paper

Future electro-optical sensors and processing in urban operations

Christina Grönwall, Piet Schwering, Jouni Rantakokko, Koen Benoist, Rob A. Kemp, Ove Steinvall, Dietmar Letalick, Stefan Björkert

Proceedings Volume 8897, 889702 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2030412

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Signal processing, Data communications, Image processing, Data processing, Telecommunications, Data fusion, Infrared sensors, 3D image processing, Unmanned aerial vehicles

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In the electro-optical sensors and processing in urban operations (ESUO) study we pave the way for the European Defence Agency (EDA) group of Electro-Optics experts (IAP03) for a common understanding of the optimal distribution of processing functions between the different platforms. Combinations of local, distributed and centralized processing are proposed. In this way one can match processing functionality to the required power, and available communication systems data rates, to obtain the desired reaction times. In the study, three priority scenarios were defined. For these scenarios, present-day and future sensors and signal processing technologies were studied. The priority scenarios were camp protection, patrol and house search. A method for analyzing information quality in single and multi-sensor systems has been applied. A method for estimating reaction times for transmission of data through the chain of command has been proposed and used. These methods are documented and can be used to modify scenarios, or be applied to other scenarios. Present day data processing is organized mainly locally. Very limited exchange of information with other platforms is present; this is performed mainly at a high information level. Main issues that arose from the analysis of present-day systems and methodology are the slow reaction time due to the limited field of view of present-day sensors and the lack of robust automated processing. Efficient handover schemes between wide and narrow field of view sensors may however reduce the delay times. The main effort in the study was in forecasting the signal processing of EO-sensors in the next ten to twenty years. Distributed processing is proposed between hand-held and vehicle based sensors. This can be accompanied by cloud processing on board several vehicles. Additionally, to perform sensor fusion on sensor data originating from different platforms, and making full use of UAV imagery, a combination of distributed and centralized processing is essential. There is a central role for sensor fusion of heterogeneous sensors in future processing. The changes that occur in the urban operations of the future due to the application of these new technologies will be the improved quality of information, with shorter reaction time, and with lower operator load.

Proceedings Article | 15 October 2013 Paper

Optical countermeasures against CLOS weapon systems

Alexander Toet, Koen Benoist, Joost N. van Lingen, H. Ric M. Schleijpen

Proceedings Volume 8898, 88980L (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2028342

KEYWORDS: Visualization, Eye, Laser countermeasures, Light sources, Weapons, Light, Cameras, Visual optics, Sun, Colorimetry

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Proceedings Article | 11 June 2013 Paper

Hyperspectral reconnaissance in urban environment

Ingmar Renhorn, Veronique Achard, Maria Axelsson, Koen Benoist, Dirk Borghys, Xavier Briottet, Rob Dekker, Alwin Dimmeler, Ola Friman, Ingebjørg Kåsen, Stefania Matteoli, Maria Lo Moro, Thomas Olsvik Opsahl, Mark van Persie, Salvatore Resta, Hendrik Schilling, Piet Schwering, Michal Shimoni, Trym Vegard Haavardsholm, Françoise Viallefont

Proceedings Volume 8704, 87040L (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2019348

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Target detection, Data modeling, Reflectivity, Ions, Image sensors, Roads, Spatial resolution, Image resolution, Calibration

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Proceedings Article | 18 May 2013 Paper

LWIR hyperspectral change detection for target acquisition and situation awareness in urban areas

Rob Dekker, Piet B. Schwering, Koen Benoist, Stefano Pignatti, Federico Santini, Ola Friman

Proceedings Volume 8743, 874306 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2015761

KEYWORDS: Mid-IR, Long wavelength infrared, Forward looking infrared, Sensors, Target detection, Mahalanobis distance, Hyperspectral target detection, Target acquisition, Spatial resolution, Hyperspectral imaging

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Proceedings Article | 31 May 2012 Paper

Detection in urban scenario using combined airborne imaging sensors

Ingmar Renhorn, Maria Axelsson, Koen Benoist, Dirk Bourghys, Yannick Boucher, Xavier Briottet, Sergio De Ceglie, Rob Dekker, Alwin Dimmeler, Remco Dost, Ola Friman, Ingebjørg Kåsen, Jochen Maerker, Mark van Persie, Salvatore Resta, Piet Schwering, Michal Shimoni, Trym Vegard Haavardsholm

Proceedings Volume 8353, 83530I (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.921473

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Airborne remote sensing, Spatial resolution, Image sensors, Target detection, Defense and security, Spectral resolution, Environmental sensing, Infrared radiation, Thermography

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Proceedings Article | 18 May 2012 Paper

Long-term measurements of atmospheric point-spread functions over littoral waters as determined by atmospheric turbulence

Arie de Jong, Piet B. Schwering, Koen Benoist, Willem Gunter, George Vrahimis, Faith October

Proceedings Volume 8355, 83550M (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.917718

KEYWORDS: Modulation transfer functions, Cameras, Scintillation, Turbulence, Sensors, Atmospheric turbulence, Spatial frequencies, Refraction, Visibility, Optical resolution

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Proceedings Article | 11 October 2011 Paper

Marine boundary layer investigations in the False Bay, supported by optical refraction and scintillation measurements

Arie de Jong, Alexander M. van Eijk, Koen Benoist, Willem Gunter, George Vrahimis, Faith October

Proceedings Volume 8178, 817808 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.897461

KEYWORDS: Dysprosium, Refraction, Ocean optics, Scintillation, Data modeling, Humidity, Temperature metrology, Atmospheric modeling, Water, Turbulence

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Proceedings Article | 1 June 2011 Paper

Characterisation of small targets in a maritime environment by means of laser range profiling

Robin Schoemaker, Koen Benoist

Proceedings Volume 8037, 803705 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.884575

KEYWORDS: Profiling, 3D modeling, Databases, Sensors, Pulsed laser operation, Radar, 3D metrology, 3D acquisition, Target detection, Target recognition

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Potential asymmetric threats at short range in complex environments need to be identified quickly during coastal operations. Laser range profiling is a technology that has the potential to shorten the OODA loop (Orient, Observe, Detect, Act) by performing automatic characterisation of targets at large distance. The advantages of non-cooperative target recognition with range profiles are: (a) a relatively short time on target is required, (b) the detection range is longer than in the case of passive observation technologies such as IRST, and (c) characterisation of range profiles is possible at any aspect angle. However, the shape of a range profile depends strongly on aspect angle. This means that a large data set is necessary of all expected targets with reference profiles on a very dense aspect angle grid. Analysis of laser range profiles can be done by comparing the measured profile with a database of laser range profiles obtained from 3D models of possible targets. An alternative is the use of a profile database from one or several measurement campaigns. A prerequisite for this is the availability of enough measured profiles of the appropriate targets, for many aspect angles. Comparison of measured laser range profiles with a reference database can be performed using, e.g., formal statistical correlation techniques or histogram dissimilarity techniques. In this work, a field trial has been conducted to validate the concept of identification by using a laser range profiling system with a high bandwidth receiver and short laser pulses. The field trial aimed at characterization of sea-surface targets in a coastal/harbour environment. The targets ranged from pleasure boats like sailing boats, jet skis, and speed boats to professional vessels like barges, cabin boats, and military vessels, all ranging from 3 to 30 meters in length. We focus on (a) the use of a reference database generated via 3D target models, and (b) the use of a reference database of measured laser range profiles. A variety of histogram dissimilarity measures was examined in order to enable fast and reliable classification algorithms.

Proceedings Article | 12 October 2010 Paper

Preliminary results of the FATMOSE atmospheric propagation trials in the False Bay, South Africa, November 2009-July 2010

Arie de Jong, Peter Fritz, Koen Benoist, Alexander van Eijk, Piet Schwering, Willem Gunter, George Vrahimis, Faith October

Proceedings Volume 7828, 782809 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.864067

KEYWORDS: Visibility, Scintillation, Atmospheric propagation, Data modeling, Cameras, Sensors, Atmospheric modeling, Refraction, Aerosols, Imaging systems

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The FATMOSE trial (FAlse-bay ATMOSpheric Experiment) running over a period from November 2009 to July 2010, was a continuation of the cooperation between TNO and IMT on atmospheric propagation and point target detection and identification in a maritime environment. Instruments were installed for measuring scintillation, blurring- and refraction effects over a 15.7 km path over sea. Simultaneously, a set of instruments was installed on a mid-path lighthouse for collecting local meteorological data, including scintillation, sea surface temperature and visibility. The measurements covered summer and winter conditions with a prevailing high wind speed from the South East, bringing in maritime air masses. The weather conditions included variations in the Air-Sea Temperature Difference (ASTD), that may affect the vertical temperature gradient in the atmospheric boundary layer, causing refraction effects in the lightpath. This was measured with a theodolite camera, providing absolute Angles of Arrival (AOA). Blur data were collected with a high resolution camera system with 10 bits dynamic range. Specially designed image analysis software allows determination of the atmospheric blur, while simultaneously providing information on the Scintillation Index (S.I.). This S.I. was also measured by using the Multiband Spectral Radiometer Transmissometer (MSRT). The ratio of the transmission levels of this instrument contains information on the size distribution of the aerosols along the path. In the paper, experimental details on the set-up and the instrumentation are given as well as the methods of analysis. Preliminary results are shown, including a comparison of measured blur and scintillation data with Cn 2 data from the scintillometer, correlation between AOA and ASTD and comparison of transmission data with data from the visibility meter. Blur and scintillation data are compared with predictions from standard turbulence model predictions, using Cn 2. In future studies the data will be used for validation of propagation models such as EOSTAR.

Proceedings Article | 23 August 2005 Paper

Detection of small targets in a marine environment using laser radar

Gerard Kunz, Herman Bekman, Koen Benoist, Leo Coen, Johan van den Heuvel, Frank van Putten

Proceedings Volume 5885, 58850F (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.614914

KEYWORDS: Reflection, LIDAR, Target detection, Receivers, Backscatter, Optical spheres, Environmental sensing, Radar, Pulsed laser operation, Antennas

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Proceedings Article | 11 September 2003 Paper

LOTUS field demonstration of integrated multisensor mine detection system in Bosnia

John Schavemaker, Eric den Breejen, Koen Benoist, Klamer Schutte, Peter Tettelaar, Mario de Bijl, Peter Fritz, Leo Cohen, Wannes van der Mark, Richard Chignell

Proceedings Volume 5089, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.487863

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Metals, Land mines, General packet radio service, Infrared sensors, Infrared cameras, Mining, Sensor fusion, Cameras, Target detection

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Proceedings Article | 18 October 2001 Paper

Depth fusion for antipersonnel landmine detection

John Schavemaker, Eric den Breejen, Frank Cremer, Klamer Schutte, Koen Benoist

Proceedings Volume 4394, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.445435

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Sensor fusion, Land mines, General packet radio service, Probability theory, Data fusion, Metals, Infrared radiation, Infrared sensors, Infrared imaging

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