SignificanceSpeckle contrast analysis is the basis of laser speckle imaging (LSI), a simple, inexpensive, noninvasive technique used in various fields of medicine and engineering. A common application of LSI is the measurement of tissue blood flow. Accurate measurement of speckle contrast is essential to correctly measure blood flow. Variables, such as speckle grain size and camera pixel size, affect the speckle pattern and thus the speckle contrast.AimWe studied the effects of spatial correlation among adjacent camera pixels on the resulting speckle contrast values.ApproachWe derived a model that accounts for the potential correlation of intensity values in the common experimental situation where the speckle grain size is larger than the camera pixel size. In vitro phantom experiments were performed to test the model.ResultsOur spatial correlation model predicts that speckle contrast first increases, then decreases as the speckle grain size increases relative to the pixel size. This decreasing trend opposes what is observed with a standard speckle contrast model that does not consider spatial correlation. Experimental data are in good agreement with the predictions of our spatial correlation model.ConclusionsWe present a spatial correlation model that provides a more accurate measurement of speckle contrast, which should lead to improved accuracy in tissue blood flow measurements. The associated correlation factors only need to be calculated once, and open-source software is provided to assist with the calculation.
Speckle contrast analysis had been used for multiples purposes, for instance, laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) has been used to estimate the relative blood flow speed in a non-invasive way. The speckle contrast can be calculated using a spatial or temporal algorithm or a combination of both. Our work focuses into the contrast temporal algorithm. A contrast image calculated with the temporal contrast algorithm requires a sequence of L equal-sized frames. The contrast images are performed pixel by pixel, however, the experimental contrast calculation does not match with the current temporal theoretical model especially when the exposure time T is smaller than the correlation time τc. In this work, we propose to correlate neighboring pixels along the temporal axis to improve the contrast calculation. The contrast measurements using our proposal provide a better agreement than the current models.
A trustworthy speckle contrast calculation is fundamental in many applications, such as “laser speckle contrast Imaging” (LSCI), which is a non-invasive technique commonly employed to estimate relative blood speed. In LSCI, the local contrast of a speckle image is calculated using spatial, temporal analysis or a combination of both. In this work, we focus on the spatial analysis. To calculate the local spatial contrast, typically, a sliding window of 5x5 pixels is used to calculate the standard deviation (σs) and the mean intensity (<I>s) of those 5x5 pixels and the calculated contrast KS=σs/(<I>s) is assigned to the central pixel of the sliding window. In this work, we show that this experimental procedure to calculate the local speckle contrast does not match the corresponding spatial theoretical model and we propose an alternative method that considers correlations of the central pixel with the other ones. We have found a better agreement of the contrast measurement with our numerical calculation.
It is well known that cellophane film has good behavior as half wave retarder for wide spectrum, so, in this
work, we present imaging polarimetry method to measure the phase change introduced by a cellophane film at several
wavelengths in the visible range. The method is achieved when we introduce the cellophane film in a simple optical
arrangement composed by linear polarizers. The phase change of the film is obtained as function of the light intensities at
the output of the system.
In this work we describe an experimental technique to measure the birefringence of the cellophane film that has good behavior as half wave retarder. This technique is achieved when the film is placed in a polariscope that consists of a light source and properly arranged polarizing elements and a system of fringes is observed. Using Jones formalism for the system the birefringence appears in the phase term of harmonic functions. Some experimental results are shown.
The preparation of photosensitive films of quail albumen (protein), applying as oxidizing agent, green iron ammonium citrate. Exposed to a He-Cd laser, λ = 442nm, transmission holograms were recorded. We obtained the diffraction patterns reconstructed with He-Ne laser, λ=632.8nm and measuring diffraction efficiencies for first order as a function of exposure energy. Holographic gratings made with these materials exhibit behaviour of self develop. We analyse the experimental results.
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