The development of metasurfaces has enabled unprecedented portability and functionality in flat optical devices. Spaceplates — devices that can mimic free propagation to replace space in an imaging system — have recently been introduced as a complementary element to reduce the space between individual metalenses. Spaceplates require an angle-dependent optical phase response which depends on the transverse spatial frequency component of a light field. Therefore, it is challenging both to design them and to assess their ultimate performance and potential. Here, we employ inverse-design techniques to explore the behaviour of general thin-film-based spaceplates.
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