We have developed and commissioned an angle-resolved photoelectron spectrometer, based on the electron time-of-flight concept, for hard x-ray photon diagnostics at the European Free-Electron Laser. The instrument provides users and operators with pulse-resolved, non-invasive spectral distribution diagnostics, which in the hard x-ray regime is a challenge due to the poor cross-section and high kinetic energy of photoelectrons for the available target gases. We report on the performance of this instrument as obtained using hard x-rays at the PETRA III synchrotron at DESY and the SASE1 beamline at the European XFEL. We demonstrate a resolving power of 10 eV at incident photon energies up to 20 keV.
Fundamental electron dynamics at the attosecond frontier and their direct coupling to structural dynamics of matter yield novel insights into the energy-distribution and protection mechanisms of Nature. The angular-streaking technique has exclusively demonstrated its capability of obtaining the full time-energy structure of XFEL pulses with attosecond resolution directly in the time-domain, thus enabling XFELs to study electron dynamics from element-specific vistas and their importance as onset of subsequent structural dynamics. We will present latest advances of this technique together with first results from the 2022 EuXFEL atto-campaign and the complementary prospects of the FLASH 2020+ innovation project at DESY.
We report an on-going temporal characterization project and method on a shot-to-shot basis for free electron laser pulses by using THz photoelectron spectroscopy at the European XFEL facility. Shot to shot FEL time jitter and pulse profile information can be reconstructed by resolving the photoelectrons energy spectra in an external THz field. Laser based THz generation and optimization, photoelectron generation and detection are described. Further considerations of the temporal resolution based on proposed photoelectron lines are presented and intuitive simulations are made to demonstrate the feasibility of such technique.
SwissFEL is the Free Electron Laser (FEL) facility under construction at the Paul Scherrer institute (PSI), aiming to provide users with X-ray pulses of lengths down to 2 femtoseconds at standard operation. The measurement of the length of the FEL pulses and their arrival time relative to the experimental laser is crucial for the pump-probe experiments carried out in such facilities. This work presents a new device that measures hard X-ray FEL pulses based on the THz streak camera concept. It describes the prototype setup called pulse arrival and length monitor (PALM) developed at PSI and tested in Spring-8 Angstrom Compact Free Electron Laser (SACLA) in Japan. Based on the first results obtained from the measurements, we introduce the new improved design of the second generation PALM setup that is currently under construction and will be used in SwissFEL photon diagnostics.
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