SignificanceThe polarimetric properties of biological tissues are often difficult to ascertain independent of their complex structural and organizational features. Conventional polarimetric tissue phantoms have well-characterized optical properties but are overly simplified. We demonstrate that an innovative, biologically sourced, engineered tissue construct better recapitulates the desired structural and polarimetric properties of native collagenous tissues, with the added benefit of potential tunability of the polarimetric response. We bridge the gap between non-biological polarimetric phantoms and native tissues.AimWe aim to evaluate a synthesized tissue construct for its effectiveness as a phantom that mimics the polarimetric properties in typical collagenous tissues.ApproachWe use a fibroblast-derived, ring-shaped engineered tissue construct as an innovative tissue phantom for polarimetric imaging. We perform polarimetry measurements and subsequent analysis using the Mueller matrix decomposition and Mueller matrix transformation methods. Scalar polarimetric parameters of the engineered tissue are analyzed at different time points for both a control group and for those treated with the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. Second-harmonic generation (SHG) imaging and three-dimensional collagen fiber organization analysis are also applied.ResultsWe identify linear retardance and circular depolarization as the parameters that are most sensitive to the tissue culture time and the addition of TGF-β1. Aside from a statistically significant increase over time, the behavior of linear retardance and circular depolarization indicates that the addition of TGF-β1 accelerates the growth of the engineered tissue, which is consistent with expectations. We also find through SHG images that collagen fiber organization becomes more aligned over time but is not susceptible to the addition of TGF-β1.ConclusionsThe engineered tissue construct exhibits changes in polarimetric properties, especially linear retardance and circular depolarization, over culture time and under TGF-β1 treatments. This tissue construct has the potential to act as a controlled modular optical phantom for polarimetric-based methods.
KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, 3D image processing, Stereoscopy, Tissue optics, 3D metrology, Luminescence, Diffusion, 3D displays, Tissues, Cancer
The recent development of 3D tissue spheroids aims to address current limitations with traditional 2D cell cultures in various studies, including cancer drug screening and environmental toxin testing. In these studies, measurements of cellular viability are commonly utilized to assess the effects of drug or toxins. Existing methods include live/dead assays, colorimetric assays, fluorescence calcium imaging, and immunohistochemistry. However, those methods involve the addition of histological stains, fluorescent proteins, or other labels to the sample; some methods also require sample fixation. Fixation-based methods preclude the possibility of longitudinal study of viability, and confocal fluorescence imaging-based methods suffer from insufficient delivery of labels near the center of 3D spheroids. Here, we demonstrate the use of label-free optical coherence tomography (OCT) for quantitative cellular viability imaging of 3D tissue spheroids. OCT intensity and decorrelation signals acquired from neurospheroids exhibited changes correlated with cellular viability as manipulated with ethanol. Interestingly, when we repeated the imaging while cells gradually became less viable, the intensity and decorrelation signals exhibited different time courses, suggesting that they may represent different cellular processes in cell death. More quantitative measurements of viability using dynamic light scattering optical coherence microscopy (DLS-OCM) will be also presented. DLS-OCM enables us to obtain 3D maps of the diffusion coefficient, and we found that the diffusion coefficient of intra-cellular motility correlated with cellular viability manipulated by changes in temperature and pH. Finally, applications of these novel methods to human-cell 3D spheroids will be discussed.
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