Daming Liu, Serge Cutillas, Xu Jin, Sang-Ki Park, Kelly Johnson, Hanxuan Li, Tom Truchan, Ed Wolak, Terry Towe, Irving Chyr, Robert Miller, Arne Meissner, Dino Lenarduzzi, Robert Bullock, Jeff Mott, James Harrison
Continued advances in high power diode laser technology enable new applications and
enhance existing ones. Recently, mini-bar based modules have been demonstrated which combine
the advantages of independent emitter failures previously shown in single-stripe architectures with
the improved brightness retention enabled by multi-stripe architectures.
In this work we highlight advances in a family of compact, environmentally rugged mini-bar
based fiber coupled Orion modules. Advances in PCE (power conversion efficiency) and reliable
operating power from a 9xx nm wavelength unit are shown from such modules. Additionally,
highly reliable fiber coupled operation and performance data is demonstrated in other wavelengths
in the 780 - 980 nm range. Data demonstrating the scaling this technology to 25W and higher
power levels will be given.
New-generation multi-mode 9xx mini-bars used in fiber pump modules have been developed. The epitaxial designs have
been improved for lower fast-axis and slow-axis divergence, higher slope efficiency and PCE by optimizing layer
structures as well as minimizing internal loss. For 915nm mini-bars with 5-mm cavity length, maximum PCE is as high
as ~61% for 35W operation and remains above 59% at 45W.
For 808nm, a PCE of 56% at 135W CW operation has been demonstrated with 36%-fill-factor, 3-mm-cavity-length,
water-cooled bars at 50°C coolant temperature. On passive-cooled standard CS heatsinks, PCE of >51% is measured for
100W operation at 50°C heatsink temperature. Leveraging these improvements has enabled low-cost bars for high-power,
high-temperature applications.
Fiber combining multiple pump sources for fiber lasers has enabled the thermal and
reliability advantages of distributed architectures. Recently, mini-bar based modules have been
demonstrated which combine the advantages of independent emitter failures previously shown in
single-stripe pumps with improved brightness retention yielding over 2 MW/cm2Sr in compact
economic modules. In this work multiple fiber-coupled mini-bars are fiber combined to yield an
output of over 400 W with a brightness exceeding 1 MW/cm2Sr in an economic, low loss
architecture.
High-power, packaged diode-laser sources continue to evolve through co-engineering of epitaxial design, beam conditioning and thermal management. Here we review examples of improvements made to key attributes including reliable power, brightness, power per unit volume and value.
Ed Wolak, Kiran Kuppuswamy, Bernard Fidric, Sang-Ki Park, Daming Liu, Serge Cutillas, Kelly Johnson, Hanxuan Li, Irving Chyr, Frank Reinhardt, Robert Miller, Xu Jin, Touyen Nguyen, Terry Towe, Peggi Cross, Tom Truchan, Robert Bullock, Jeff Mott, James Harrison
As GaAs based laser diode reliability improves, the optimum architecture for diode pumped
configurations is continually re-examined. For such assessments, e.g. bars vs. single emitters, it is
important to have a metric for module reliability which enables comparisons that are the most
relevant to the ultimate system reliability. We introduce the concept of mean time between emitter
failures (MTBEF) as a method for characterizing and specifying the reliability of multi-emitter
pumps for ensemble applications. Appropriate conditions for an MTBEF model, and the impact of
incremental changes of certain conditions on the robustness of the model are described.
In the limit of independent random failures of individual emitters as the dominant failure mechanism
it is shown that an ensemble of multi-emitter modules can be modeled to behave like an ensemble of
single emitter modules. The impact of thermal acceleration due to failed emitters warming other
emitters on a shared heat-sink is considered. Data taken from SP built multi-emitter devices bonded
with AuSn on CTE matched heat-sinks is compared with the MTBEF model with and without
correction for the thermal acceleration effect.
Here we present details of the design and performance of a family of compact, fiber-coupled, multi-bar, laser-diode stacks. The highest-power variant employs a pair of 6-bar stacks and a removable 400-μm, 0.22 NA fiber to deliver >400 W at 50 A. The overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) near 976-nm exceeds 40% at 400 W in CW operation with an uncoated delivery fiber. The brightest variant reaches a power density near 800-kW/cm2 at 976-nm through a 200-μm, 0.22 NA fiber. Module variants have been built and characterized at multiple wavelengths between 780-nm and 980-nm. Applications for such modules include pumping of active fibers, pumping of rubidium vapor and direct material processing.
Leveraging improvements to device structures and cooling technologies, ultra-high-power bars have been integrated into
multi-bar stacks to obtain CW power densities in excess of 2.8 kW/cm2 near 960 nm with spectral widths of <4nm FWHM. These characteristics promise to enable cost-effective solutions for a variety of applications that demand very high spatial and/or spectral brightness. Using updated device designs, mini-bar variants have been employed to derive CW powers of several tens of Watts near 940 nm on traditional single-emitter platforms. For example, >37 W CW have been obtained from 5-emitter devices on standard CuW CT heatsinks with AuSn solder. Near 808 nm, a PCE of 65% with a slope efficiency of 1.29 W/A has been demonstrated with a 20%-fill-factor, 2-mm-cavity-length bar.
This paper gives an overview of recent product development and advanced engineering of diode laser technology at
Spectra-Physics. Focused development of device design, heat-sinking and beam-conditioning has yielded significant
improvement in both power conversion efficiency (PCE) and reliable power, leading to a family of new products. CW
PCEs of 60% to 70% have been delivered for the 880 to 980 nm wavelength range. For 780 to 810 nm, PCE are typically
between 50% and 56%. Comprehensive life-testing indicates that the reliable powers of devices based on the new
developments exceed those of established, highly reliable, production designs.
For the progress of ultra-high power bars, CW output power in excess of 1000 W and 640 W have been demonstrated
from single laser bars with doubled-side and single-side cooling, respectively. Spatial power density of greater than 2.8
kW/cm2 and FWHM spectral widths of 3.5 nm have been obtained from laser stacks.
Hanxuan Li, Irving Chyr, Denny Brown, Xu Jin, Frank Reinhardt, Terry Towe, Touyen Nguyen, Raman Srinivasan, Myra Berube, Robert Miller, Kiran Kuppuswamy, Yongdan Hu, Trevor Crum, Tom Truchan, James Harrison
Ongoing optimization of epitaxial designs, MOCVD growth processes, and device engineering at Spectra-Physics has
yielded significant improvement in both power conversion efficiency (PCE) and reliable power, without compromising
manufacturability in a high-volume production environment. Maximum PCE of 72.2% was measured at 25 °C for 976-
nm single-emitter devices with 3-mm cavity length. 928 W continuous-wave (CW) output power has been demonstrated
from a high-efficiency (65% maximum PCE) single laser bar with 5-mm cavity length and 77% fill factor. Eight-element
laser bars (976 nm) with 100&mgr;m-wide emitters have been operated at >148 W CW, corresponding to linear power
densities at the facet >185 mW/&mgr;m. Ongoing life-testing, in combination with stepped stress tests, indicate rates of
random failure and wear-out are well below those of earlier device designs.
For operation near 800 nm, the design has been optimized for high-power, high-temperature applications. The highest
PCE for water-cooled stacks was 54.7% at 35°C coolant temperature.
It has been suggested that ultrahigh density optical storage systems could be realized by storing data in patterns with spatial coordinates below the far-field resolution limit. While the ability to write data on these fine dimensions has been shown, the ability to read data with sub-lambda resolution has proven problematic. This is especially true for memory systems that require page oriented memory access. We present a novel near-field detector array technology that is expected to satisfy the requirement of these next generation optical memory systems. Based on CMOS photoreceiver arrays and a silicon based aperture array, our device's technology is implemented using standard fabrication processes to yield a planar, near-field photoreceiver array technology. While the photoreceiver technology is an important component of our device technology, the aperture array is the fundamental component designed to enable data detection with near-field resolution. Using micro-machining technology pioneered for Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), fabrication of our aperture arrays depends on KOH etching of the <100> Si planes. Focused Ion Beam milling is used to realize the apertures in a thin gold film deposited on a silicon dioxide layer. We present a detailed description of both the photoreceiver circuit and the aperture array fabrication method. Independent characterization of both the photoreceiver circuit and the aperture array is also included.
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