Breath biopsy holds great potential for noninvasive and early-stage cancer detection and diagnosis. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are low molecular weight metabolites released in breath and biofluids as the result of pathophysiological changes such as cancer. Hundreds of VOCs are expired per breath, providing an information-rich resource of diagnostic potential. To pare down the complexity of the breath volatilome and detect low concentration (ppmV to pptV) cancer-associated VOCs from ubiquitous VOCs, we have engineered a combinatorial nanoplasmonic sensor array for multiplexed adsorption of VOCs. This dual-stage platform features (1) an engineered array of selectively sorbent core-shell nanostructures consisting of plasmonic nanoparticle cores encapsulated by tunable metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for more specific VOC capture, followed by (2) ultrasensitive readout via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), i.e., a “SERS-MOF” nanomaterial sensing array. This work focuses on the nanoscale materials synthesis efforts towards lead SERS-MOFs based on ZIF-8 MOF / gold nanourchin particles and preliminary testing of the platform on relevant VOC analytical standards.
Sensitive and specific detection of biomaterials packaged in exosomes and related extracellular vesicles (EVs) has the potential to revolutionize cancer diagnosis and monitoring. Yet current methods cannot readily distinguish tumor-associated EVs. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) represents a promising tool to address current limitations, but are challenging to implement in whole biofluids. Here we outline a simple SERS assay combining nanoparticles with biofluids purified to various extent. We measure variation between clinical samples of head and neck cancer and demonstrate that there is a trade-off between useful molecular information from purified EVs versus the time, cost, and difficulty of isolation procedures.
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