In this study, we explore the non-linear absorptance properties of Ta2O5, HfO2, and SiO2 oxide coatings when subjected to intense laser irradiation. Employing common path interferometry (CPI) in combination with intense laser pulses at 1064 nm (10 ps), we investigated both single- and multi-layer coatings. Surprisingly, HfO2 and SiO2 coatings exhibited almost negligible nonlinearity, while Ta2O5 layers displayed rather significant non-linear behavior. Despite the assumed 3-photon absorption process estimated from photon energy and band gap relations, our observations indicate a prevalence of 2-photon absorption in Ta2O5 layers. These findings carry significant implications for comprehending the performance of multilayer optics, especially dispersive mirrors, under conditions of high intensity.
Over time, optical components tend to degrade, potentially leading to reduced performance or even system failure. This consideration extends beyond technical concerns, impacting the economic, operational, and reputational aspects of various systems and industries. Ensuring a long lifetime for optics is crucial for maintaining consistent performance over extended periods. Thus, estimating the lifetime of optics is particularly significant in the context of long-term operations involving high repetition rate laser systems operating in ultrashort regimes or UV spectral wavelengths. However, accurately estimating optics lifetime for real-world applications poses a significant challenge due to the lack of appropriate methods or their accuracy. Furthermore, understanding the physical mechanisms behind the lifetime is essential for optimizing optics performance. To address this need, we conducted a study investigating the absorption effect on the lifetime of dielectric coatings. Using the photothermal common-path interferometry and laser-induced damage threshold testing, we sought to identify possible correlations between the nonlinear absorptance of optical coatings and their lifetime.
Recent studies suggest that fatigue effect in dielectric optical coatings is possibly associated with the presence of strong nonlinear absorption, however, up to now there was only indirect evidence for such hypothesis. One of the reasons for that was a technical rigor to characterize nonlinear absorption losses in optical coatings and a lack of pertinent experimental data. Recent advancement of common-path interferometry and LIDT testing allows us to overcome such limitations. In this study we examine nonlinear response and fatigue effect in single- and multilayer dielectric coatings below single shot damage threshold. Although there is no quantitative model that could predict fatigue from absorptance, we found an interesting correlation between nonlinear absorption and fatigue effect under comparable experimental conditions. These results help us to understand the mechanism of fatigue in optical coatings and possibly make more durable femtosecond optics.
1030 nm ytterbium-based solid-state femtosecond lasers are essential to robust near ultraviolet (NUV) and deep ultraviolet (DUV) generation. We will present the most up-to-date results in up to 6th harmonic generation and even x-ray generation. Lifetime, pulse-to-pulse, long-term stability, beam quality, and warm-up time will be reviewed as critical factors for successful materials processing and other applications. Last but not least, we will discuss various novel achievements already incorporated into commercial products, such as beam-shaped output directly from the module, pico-, and nanosecond spaced bursts in UV.
Anti-reflective (AR) coatings are frequently used for imaging and laser-related applications, however, their highest possible output power is limited by laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT). LIDT data for AR-coated nonlinear crystals is very limited, especially when it comes to pulse temporal scaling laws. Therefore, we investigated four identical lithium triobate (LBO) crystals deposited with the AR@1064+532 nm coating on one side and the AR@355 nm coating on the opposite side. Numerous tests were conducted following 1-on-1 and S-on-1 testing protocols at UV as well as IR wavelengths in the pulse duration range of 50 fs - 9 ns. To interpret experimental findings, we analyze empirical pulse temporal scaling laws of LIDT for distinct failure modes. Furthermore, we also considered numerical analysis based on rate equations.
Absorptance is often considered a static feature of an optical element that is determined via standardized measurement procedures. Although such measurements are often performed using optical instruments with low light intensity, in high power laser applications irradiation conditions are considerably different. Optics might become unstable due to highly intense light: optical properties change in a nonlinear way and might eventually lead to laser-induced damage. To study these effects we employed the common-path interferometry technique in combination with a high energy and high average power laser source, operating at 1 MHz repetition rate and delivering 10 ps pulses at 355 nm wavelength. We investigated an anti-reflective (AR@355 nm) coating deposited using ion beam sputtering on a lithium triborate (LBO) crystal. Our preliminary results indicate both strong nonlinear absorptance and fatigue near the damaging fluence, however, damage events were not directly related to the critical absorptance level. An attempt is made to predict the lifetime of an AR coated optics by establishing a numerical model of nonlinear absorption.
The laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of anti-reflective (AR) coatings is a limitation when it comes to the maximum laser power. Furthermore, LIDT data for AR coatings on nonlinear crystals are rather scarce in scientific literature, mainly available for ns pulse durations. Lately, however, ps and fs pulse durations are also becoming important. Thus, in this work, four LBO crystals were IBS coated on both sides with two distinct coatings, namely, AR@1064 nm and AR@355 nm. These coatings were then LIDT tested for both UV and IR wavelengths with ns, ps, and fs pulses.
When discussing laser-induced damage phenomena, the main parameter of interest is the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT). Since LIDT is a function of irradiation time (or number of pulses), its characterization is of critical importance when designing reliable industrial or medical laser systems or even planning long-term space missions involving high power lasers. Within laser-induced damage community, decrease of LIDT with increase in irradiation time (the so-called fatigue effect) is often estimated by using the S-on-1 test procedure described in the ISO 21254-2 standard. However, due to measurement limitations, S-on-1 tests are usually carried out for relatively small numbers of pulses, therefore additional extrapolation methods must be used in order to predict lifetime of optical components. The simple extrapolation procedure provided by the ISO 21254-2 standard no longer meets the demands of the community as it ignores existence of multiple failure modes and data censoring resulting from different damage detection techniques, therefore a new approach for LIDT extrapolation is much needed.
In our previous work [1], we explored application of accelerated lifetime testing (ALT) techniques on S-on-1 test data. ALT approach treats S-on-1 experiments as sets of lifetime (or time to failure) distributions at different fluence levels instead of damage probability curves at different numbers of pulses. We have shown that this approach, combined with Bayesian inference and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling, is well suited for extrapolation and uncertainty evaluation of S-on-1 experiments. However, proper application of these methods require empirical knowledge about lifetime distributions for different material types and irradiation parameters. Therefore, in this work an attempt is made to experimentally characterize lifetime distributions of highly reflective dielectric and metallic laser optics at both nanosecond and femtosecond pulse durations. UV and IR wavelengths as well as influence of irradiation fluence and polarization state are also considered. The results of this study provided insights into lifetime distributions of laser-induced damage and helped to shape guidelines for extrapolating S-on-1 experiments to longer irradiations.
[1] L. Smalakys, A. Melninkaitis, Predicting lifetime of optical components with Bayesian inference, Opt. Express 29, 903-915 (2021).
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