In this work we expand on the practical side of using periodic refractive index modulation – photonic crystals – to control the spatial dispersion curvature in a way that could suppress filamentation, by discussing some of the key issues arising in their fabrication. Fabrication of such photonic crystals poses some unique challenges due to the small feature size and large-scale requirement. Bessel beam writing is shown to be a valid method for the fabrication of such photonic crystals. Use of an annular beam to form the Bessel beam is shown to significantly reduce the errors in fabrication, allowing the formation of photonic crystals of sufficiently high quality for further experimental study.
The laser beam shaping is a practical problem in both information transmission, detection and material processing. Many applications focus on beam intensity and phase control in the so-called near-field, but far-field phenomena in microsystems should be no less interesting. One new way to control far-field distributions is by applying what is called “supercollimation”.
It can be observed in systems consisting of periodically arranged phase gratings made from concentric features that repeat along the optical axis. Supercollimation is defined as the transformation of a broad-angular-intensity profile beam into a very thin well-defined high-peak-intensity and low-divergence beam. Such a beam can be compared to a Bessel Beam, however, a sharp central peak does not appear in the near field, but on the contrary: in the far field.
There is no simple way to understand how a supercollimated beams are formed because it does not occur with 1D or 2D periodic systems. What is clear is that it is a cascading process that requires multiple diffraction. In sufficiently, long structures, plane waves diffracted from 0-order to higher diffraction orders are diffracted back resonantly with a broadened angular distribution that can overlap with the zero-angle component in the spatial spectrum.
Thus, the aim of this paper is to reveal how such a phenomenon can occur in periodic systems with rotational (axial) symmetry, such as photonic crystals and resonators with concentric gratings. Finally, I will discuss how to use the “broken” symmetry of asymmetric photonic crystals in interpreting this phenomenon in practical contexts.
In this work we show the prospect of using periodic refractive index modulation – photonic crystals – to control the spatial dispersion curvature in a way that could potentially counteract the Kerr effect, thus suppressing filamentation. Numerical simulations by beam propagation method indicate that fine control of the spatial dispersion can be achieved by tuning the photonic crystal geometry and projecting to the appropriate Bloch mode by chirping the longitudinal period. Fabrication of such photonic crystals poses some unique challenges due to the small feature size and large-scale requirement. Bessel beam writing is shown to be a valid method for the fabrication of such photonic crystals.
Ceramics play an important role in today’s science and industry as it can withstand immense thermal, mechanical, chemical and other hazards. In recent years, the interest in 3D printing micro- or even nano-structures out of ceramics has been growing rapidly. Therefore, direct laser writing by two photon polymerization together with calcination have been proved to be a powerful tool for the fabrication of fully 3D glass-ceramic objects in micro- and nano-scale [1]. However, producing such structures with unique properties at meso scale (features from nm to cm overall size) is one of the greatest challenges [2]. In order to overcome it the composition of the starting materials and as well as conditions of calcination have to be fully understood and enhanced.
We synthesized a series of organic-inorganic polymer precursors via sol-gel method varying the molar ratio of silicon (Si) and zirconium (Zr) complexes (Si:Zr, where Si=9; 8; 7; 6; 5 and Zr=1; 2; 3; 4; 5) [3] and investigated 3D processing of these materials. The study shows that the “glassy” phase structures retain their shape without any distortion. Furthermore, calcination provides a route for the continuous size control and formation of a variety of phase transformation for free-form nano-/micro-objects. It is shown that due to the isotropic nature of the shrinkage during calcination fabricated 3D objects retain complex geometry. Nano-woodpiles, bulk-woodpile hybrids and full bulk structures are formed. The sizes of single features in these objects vary from 120 nm to 800 nm with overall size going to 30 µm. Finally, changes in focused ion beam machining rates between standard and calcinated materials are shown proving enhanced resiliency of the final product (up to 50%).
[1] Gailevičius, D., et al., Additive-manufacturing of 3D glass-ceramics down to nanoscale resolution. Nanoscale Horiz.;
4, 647-651; (2019)
[2] L. Jonusauskas, D. Gailevicius, S. Rekstyte, T. Baldacchini, S. Juodkazis, M. Malinauskas, Mesoscale Laser 3D Printing, Opt. Express
27 (11), 15205-15221 (2019)
[3] Ovsianikov, A., et al., Ultra-Low Shrinkage Hybrid Photosensitive Material for Two-Photon Polymerization Microfabrication. ACS Nano; 2(11), 2257-2262; (2008)
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