The goal of this study was to evaluate the dynamic process of water-mediated hard dental tissue ablation induced by Ho:YAG laser with high-speed camera. Human molars in vitro of yellow race were cut into tooth sections and irradiated with pulsed Ho:YAG laser with a wavelength of 2.08μm. The pulse repetition rate was 3 Hz and laser energy ranged from 300 to 2000 mJ. The frame rate of high-speed camera used in the experiment was 50525 fps. Based on the observation by high-speed camera, the dynamic process of the oscillating cavitation bubble and water-mediated ablation induced by Ho:YAG laser was efficiently recorded and graphically described. The pulsation period, the maximum length and width of vapor channel increased with laser energy. The results showed that the external water played multiple roles in laser ablation of hard dental tissue, not only acting as a channel to transmit laser energy, but also helping to improve the regularity of the ablation shape.
Liquid-assisted laser ablation has been investigated in laser surface cleaning, laser osteotomy, and dental tissue ablation.
However, the actual mechanism of liquid-assisted ablation is not clear yet. The purpose of this study was to investigate
the influence of liquid medium with different absorption and the liquid thickness on laser ablation efficiency. A pulsed
CO2 laser was employed to ablate bovine bone tibia under liquid layer which varied from 0.6 mm to 2 mm. The applied
pulse power level was set at 5 w and each crater was produced with six laser pulses. The results showed that the ablation
cross-section area produced with various levels of pure water thickness (0.6, 0.8, 1 and 2 mm)were lower than under ink,
and the ablation depth gradually decreased as the water layer becoming thicker. The biggest cross-section area in liquid
thickness of ink was 0.8mm, but as the layer thicker than 0.8 mm the ablation depth decreased suddenly. There was
thermal damage seen on samples in all of the groups, but less in pure water.
Several studies have demonstrated that laser-induced hard tissue ablation effects can be enhanced by applying an additional water-layer on tissue surface. However, the related mechanism has not yet been presented clearly. In this paper, the influence of static pressure on dynamic characteristics of cavitation induced by pulse laser in liquid and its effect on bovine shank bone ablation were investigated. The laser source is fiber-guided free-running Ho:YAG laser with wavelength of 2080 nm, pulse duration of 350 μs and energy of 1600 mJ. The tissue samples were immerged in pure water at different depths of 11, 16, 21, 26 and 31 mm. The working distance between the fiber tip and tissue surface was fixed at 1 mm for all studies. The dynamic interaction between laser, water and tissue were recorded by high-speed camera, and the morphological changes of bone tissue were assessed by stereomicroscope and OCT. The results showed that many times expansion and collapse of bubble were observed, more than four pulsation periods were accurately achieved with the most energy deposited in the first period and the bubble became more and more irregular in shape. The longitudinal length (7.49--6.74 mm) and transverse width (6.69--6.08 mm) of bubble were slowly decreased while volume (0.0586--0.0124 mm3) of ablation craters were drastically reduced, with static pressure increasing. The results also presented that the water-layer on hard-tissue surface can not only reduce thermal injury but also improve lubricity of craters, although the water-layer reduced ablation efficiency.
The goal of this study was to evaluate the demineralization status at different acid-etch time based on fluorescence spectrum. Human molars in vitro of yellow race were cut into tooth sections and then they were immersed in 0.3% citric acid to simulate the oral natural demineralization. According to the acid-etch time, samples were randomly divided into three groups: I:20 min, II:40 min, and III:60 min. The normal untreated specimen was set as control group. The fluorescence spectra before and after treatment were measured and analyzed. The result showed that fluorescence spectrum could be efficiently used to monitor the demineralization status of human dental tissue. The relative fluorescence intensities of dental tissue excited respectively with 260, 330 and 400 nm decreased with the increase of acid-etch time, though there was no new constituent formed after demineralization.
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