There are three possible mechanisms for 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) conjugated gold nanoparticles (GNPs) through electrostatic bonding for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer: GNPs delivery function, singlet oxygen generation (SOG) by GNPs irradiated by light, and surface resonance enhancement (SRE) of SOG. Figuring out the exact mechanism is important for further clinical treatment. 5-ALA-GNPs and human chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells were used to study delivery function and SOG by GNPs. The SRE of SOG enabled by GNPs was explored by protoporphyrin IX (PpIX)-GNPs conjugate through electrostatic bonding. Cell experiments show that the GNPs can improve the efficiency of PDT, which is due to the vehicle effect of GNPs. PpIX–GNPs conjugate experiments demonstrated that SOG can be improved about 2.5 times over PpIX alone. The experiments and theoretical results show that the local field enhancement (LFE) via localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of GNPs is the major role; the LFE was dependent on the irradiation wavelength and the GNP’s size. The LFE increased with an increase of the GNP size (2R ≤50 nm). However, the LSPR function of the GNPs was not found in cell experiments. Our study shows that in 5-ALA-conjugated GNPs PDT, the delivery function of GNPs is the major role.
KEYWORDS: Ultrasonography, Heart, Image segmentation, Optical tracking, 3D image processing, Electrocardiography, Detection and tracking algorithms, 3D modeling, Echocardiography, Imaging systems
The patient specific geometry of the heart is of interest for a number of diagnostic methods, e.g., when modeling the inverse electrocardiography (ECG) problem. One approach to get images of the heart is three-dimensional ultrasound. However, segmentation of the surface is complicated and segmentation methods are typically validated against manually drawn contours. This requires considerable expert knowledge. Hence, we have developed a setup that allows studying the accuracy of image segmentation from cardiac ultrasound. Using an optical tracking system, we have measured the three-dimensional surface of an isolated porcine heart. We studied whether the actual geometry can be reconstructed from both optical and ultrasound images. We illustrate the use of our approach in quantifying the segmentation result for a three-dimensional region-based active contour algorithm.
Optical mapping is a well established technique for recording monophasic action potential traces on the epicardial surface
of isolated hearts. This measuring technique offers a high spatial resolution but it is sensitive towards myocardial motion.
Motion artifacts occur because the mapping between a certain tissue portion sending out fluorescent light and a pixel of
the photo detector changes over time. So far this problem has been addressed by suppressing the motion or ratiometric
imaging. We developed a different approach to compensate the motion artifacts based on image registration. We could
demonstrate how an image deformation field temporally changing with the heart motion could be determined. Using these
deformation field time series for image transformation motion signals could be generated for each image pixel which were
then successfully applied to remove baseline shift and compensate motion artifacts potentially leading to errors within
maps of the first arrival time. The investigation was based on five different rat hearts stained with Di-4-ANEPPS.
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