To solve the problem of large filtering error of the fundamental frequency in the composite Fourier transform profilometry and shorten the measurement time needed in the phase shifting profilometry, a symmetrical transformation method (STM) for measuring the three-dimensional (3D) contour of objects is proposed. Only one composite grating is projected on the object in the STM. The grating is composed of overlapping two orthogonal sinusoidal fringe patterns with a π/2 phase difference and different frequencies. The two sinusoidal deformed patterns with a π/2 phase difference are demodulated from the deformed composite pattern reflected on the surface of an object. The other two patterns can be obtained through a symmetric transformation with sub-pixel precision. Based on the captured and calculated fringe patterns, the fast reconstruction of the 3D shape of the objects could be achieved. The STM has broad application prospects in the real-time 3D measurement field due to its single-shot feature.
KEYWORDS: Phase unwrapping, Fringe analysis, Signal to noise ratio, Cameras, 3D metrology, Projection systems, 3D projection, Phase shifts, Neodymium, Imaging systems
A fringe projection profilometry with a large depth range geometric constraint is proposed, which can periodically encode the background without reducing the fringe amplitude to achieve high-frequency phase unwrapping. This method makes adequate use of the redundant part of the sinusoidal signal to embed the period information into the background, which ensures that the fringes have high signal-to-noise ratios; furthermore, in order to realize the high-frequency phase unwrapping, we introduce geometric constraints into the fringe projection system, whereby the depth range of the 3D measurement system is effectively extended. In addition, a phase-based compensation method is proposed to compensate for period orders at the edges of the period background encoding. Compared with the conventional phase coding method, this method performs period encoding of the background and avoids the problem of incorrect period order due to system nonlinearity. Also, the measurement depth range for geometric constraints is significantly extended without the need to obtain any information about the object in advance. Experimentally, the 3D profile of a standard plane, a complex object and separated objects were measured using the proposed method. The results show that this method can achieve fast and high-precision measurement of object contours using four fringe patterns.
To eliminate motion-induced errors, a multi-step fitting position transformation method is proposed for measuring the three-dimensional (3D) profile of an object. The method employs a neural network to perform position transformation on the objects in the captured motion phase-shifting fringe projection images, aligning them to the same position, and then uses the phase-shifting method to obtain the 3D profile of the objects. Theoretically, the rigid body motion transformation matrix is used to deduce the change of points on the objects in the fringe pattern under different motion conditions, and the 3D profile measurement results of randomly moving objects are simulated and analyzed. Experimentally, a neural network model was trained by using 5000 sets of data obtained from experiments to eliminate motion-induced errors in various motion states. Simulation and experimental results show that this method significantly reduces the motion-induced errors that occur when measuring moving objects using the traditional phase-shifting method. It has broad application prospects in the field of real-time measurement of moving objects’ 3D profiles.
KEYWORDS: Phase unwrapping, Deformation, Tunable filters, Fringe analysis, 3D metrology, Signal to noise ratio, 3D projection, Error analysis, 3D mask effects, Optical filters
An improved composite Fourier transform profilometry is proposed in this study to quickly measure the three-dimensional (3D) contour of an object. Three groups of fringe patterns with different frequencies are combined in this method. Compared with the other composite profilometry, it solves the problem of phase error propagation in phase unwrapping. The absolute phase of the object is accurately calculated and the measuring accuracy is improved greatly by filtering out the background direct current noise. Both simulation and experiment results show that the 3D contour of the measured object can be reconstructed quickly and accurately by this method. It has great application potential in the field of real-time 3D measurement.
KEYWORDS: Phase shifts, Signal to noise ratio, Electronic filtering, 3D metrology, Fringe analysis, Linear filtering, Cameras, Optical engineering, Metals, Projection systems
A two-step phase-shifting method is proposed. The method realized the rapid measurement of the three-dimensional (3D) contour of some objects using mean envelope denoising based on the striped structured light. First, Butterworth low-pass pre-filtering in the frequency domain was performed on the two deformed fringe images containing the height information of the objects. It reduced the influence of higher harmonics. Then the peak and valley values of fringes with sub-pixel accuracy were obtained through numerical interpolation and point-by-point comparison. Furthermore, the mean envelope was accurately obtained and removed. After removing the mean envelope, the rectangular low-pass filtering was used to thoroughly filter out the remaining background signal. Finally, the fast reconstructions of the 3D contour of the objects were realized. The 3D contour reconstructions of the objects were simulated and experimentally measured using the method proposed. The calculation speed and accuracy were compared with the traditional four-step phase-shifting method and other two-step phase-shifting methods. The method has the advantages of fast calculation speed and high calculation accuracy. It is a valuable method for quickly measuring the 3D contour of some objects.
Chalcogenide glasses (ChGs) have a relatively small temperature coefficient of refractive index, broad transmission
range from almost visible to mid-infrared. It is suitable for precision molding. With the help of above mentioned merits,
ChGs have a vast reservoir of value in the field of military and civilian infrared imaging. However, the internal defects of
ChGs are caused by melting, cool-demoulding and annealing in a high vacuumed ampoule. The defects include the
optical inhomogeneity, chemical inhomogeneity and built-in stress which trouble the homogeneity of ChGs and directly
affect the imaging quality of infrared imaging devices. The detection and control of internal defects is a key technique. In
this paper the platform for testing, characterization and evaluation of the inhomogeneity of ChGs will be designed and
built. The appropriate testing and evaluation criteria of inhomogeneity during the preparation procedure of ChGs in the
vacuumed ampoule will be studied. The transmittance of ChGs sample is measured repeatedly. The factor of internal
multple reflection in ChGs sample is analysed and discussed. Analysis shows that the mean transmissivity of ChGs
sample (Ge28Sb12Se60) with thick of 1 cm is approximately 66% in 8 to 11 microns. The loss is less than 2.40%/cm. The
optical path difference (OPD) caused by residual stress in ChGs sample is less than 5.2 nm/cm. The results will provide a
technical support to optimize the ChGs preparation process and improve the ChGs homogeneity.
The line width of pulse laser is key index to some laser applications. Using finite interferences of high accuracy Fabry-
Perot etalon we can measure line width of pulse laser. By this method the line width of a single-longitudinal-mode
Nd:YAG laser can be obtained. Reflectance of the etalon used reach 99.8%. The finesse was 300. The accuracy of full
width of half height(FWHH) was about 2MHz. It is suitable to measure pulse laser with about 10ns pulse width and
100MHz line width with these parameters.
In order to achieve the highest peak power of radiation pulse and highest output energy, the primary circuit parameters
are investigated to optimize the discharge circuit performance of the laser. The structure and the discharge circuit of the
laser are discussed at first. To realize synchronous discharge in two discharge channels, the conjunct electrode device for
two pairs of discharge electrodes is designed. Finally, the results of the experiments on the primary circuit parameters are
given. The discharge is most stable at a pressure of 5.33×104Pa when the pressure of gaseous mixture CO2:N2:He=1:1:3
is changed from 2.67×104 Pa to 6.67×104 Pa. The ratio of storage capacitance to peak capacitance is chosen to be about
1.5-7/3, because residual voltage is lower on this condition and residual voltage is adverse to discharge. When the
inductance 330&mgr;H is used, the homogeneous glow discharge in a widest voltage range is obtained. The duration of when the stimuli voltage is increased in
homogeneous glow discharge condition. The discharge circuit allows
charge and discharge and the magnitude of residual voltage decrease the homogeneous glow discharge in a wide range
of pressure of gaseous mixture when these circuit parameters are used. Thus it offers reference to the improvement of
output characteristic of TEA CO2 laser with two discharge channels.
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