The Prototype Segmented Mirror Telescope (PSMT) is a 1.3m segmented mirror telescope that aims to develop and demonstrate the segmented mirror technology indigenously. The telescope design includes a spherical primary with seven hexagonal segments of size 500mm each and an ellipsoidal secondary. Since the telescope has a spherical primary, hence it suffers from spherical aberrations as well as large off-axis aberrations, thus limiting its field of view. In order to improve the image quality over relatively larger field, an aberration corrector is required. The Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera (FOSC) is a widely used back-end instrument for any telescope and PSMT is also supposed to be equipped with such an instrument. Therefore, we have designed the optics of the FOSC in such way that it meets dual requirements i.e. it works as a science instrument as well as an aberration corrector. The FOSC instrument consists of multi-element collimator and camera lenses and a grism is used as a dispersive element. The FOSC optics design is optimized for the visual wavelength range of 4500-8500A° and up to 10 arc-min field of view. Here, we present the optical design of the FOSC and outcome of the analysis carried out using the ZEMAX optical design software.
Indian astronomers are aiming to build a large 10m class optical-NIR telescope, equipped with state-of art instruments. After exploring many potential design options, we ended up with two mirror Ritchey-Chretien (RC) type design, which provide diffraction limited performance over a sufficiently large field and delivers decent image quality over fairly extended field. The segmented primary mirror is a natural choice for the proposed 10m class telescope. However, unlike monolithic primary mirror, various factors linked with the segmentation plays very critical role to decide the performance of the telescope. In great detail, we have also studied the effect of the segment piston, tip and tilt, clocking, the radius of curvature, the shear, the segment size, inter-segment gap as well as figuring error on the telescope performances. All these studies are conducted using a custom developed generic python-based tool that can be used along with ZEMAX ray-tracing software. In this paper we present the optical design of proposed 10m class telescope as well as our extensive study on segmentation and alignment related effects.
Devasthal Optical Telescope Integral Field Spectrograph (DOTIFS) is a new multi-object integral field spectrograph being built by the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA), Pune, India for the 3.6m Devasthal Optical Telescope, (DOT). Spectrographs, which disperse the light to study various aspects of the source, traditionally follow long slit to enter the light into to the instrument. However, varying slit width, atmospheric dispersion, crowded object field etc, causes this approach to lose its efficiency. A 2D field access using optical fibres solves most of these issues and introduces additional modularity. However, the circular shape of the fibre tip causes light loss as the fill factor < 80 %. There are mainly two ways to solve these issues, one is with 2D field splicers which are usually mirrors which break the field and reflect the beams in different directions, the other a more convenient alternative is using micro lens arrays (MLA) coupled with optical fibres, increasing the fill factor < 90 %. Even with this advantage, the miss alignment of the optical fibre with the MLA can cause increase in optical entropy and hence loss of effective transmission. Therefore, making a precise fiber to micro-lenslet array holder is a necessity. In DOTIFS which uses a combination of MLA and fibers to transmit the light, the IFU unit of the spectrograph consist of fiber array held on a mask and glued to a micro lenslet array. The plano-convex MLA (PCMLA) forms a hexagonal honeycomb structure of 12×12 spaxels. The on-sky footprint of an IFU is designed to be 8.7”×7.4” for a spatial sampling of 0.8”/300µm. The PCMLA has a thickness of 2.32 mm to create the pupil at its flat surface where fibers would be butted to sample the pupil. Each microlens curved side will receive a f/21.486 beam from the magnifier optics assembly sitting between IFU assembly and the Cassegrain side port selection mirror of the telescope. The microlens converts the incoming beam from the magnifier to f/4.5 beam and creates an ideal pupil of 76µm diameter at its at back surface. In this paper we present deep reactive ion etching technique based fibre holder manufacturing for holding the fibres of IFU of DOTIFS spectrograph. We present the design details, fiber routing scheme, manufacturing and gluing and polishing concepts for fibre holder and the tests and results on the IFU deployment system.
Use of aspheric mirrors is common practice to design astronomical telescope with just a few optical elements. For an example in the most preferred telescope optical design, Ritchy Chretien (RC) both primary and secondary mirrors are hyperbola. Nowadays large telescopes are being built using small mirror segments, however, making aspheric off-axis mirror segment is a challenge. We have conducted a study in which we have explored a possibility to mimic aspheric hyperbolic primary mirror by making use of smaller spherical mirror segments. In this paper we present results of our study on designing an RC type telescope optics for an 10m class optical-NIR telescope
To cater the need of growing astronomical community of India, there is a proposal to install 10-12m size optical-NIR telescope, equipped with state of the art back-end instruments . A telescope of this size is possible only, when primary mirror is made of smaller mirror segments. In order to get acquainted with segmented mirror telescope technology, at Indian Institute of Astrophysics Bangalore, we have initiated a project to develop a small prototype telescope made of small mirror segments. The proposed prototype telescope will use seven hexagonal mirrors, which will be supported by simple mirror support assembly and driven by indigenously developed voice coil based actuators. We also plan to make use of in-house developed inexpensive inductive edge sensor, which can precisely sense inter-segment relative displacement. The telescope mount is supposed to be Alt-Az and secondary mirror will be supported by trusses made of steel. The primary axes like elevation, azimuth and field de-rotator will be driven by direct drive motors. Though the primary objective of this telescope is to demonstrate the segmented mirror technology, however, we have designed the telescope in such way that it can also be used to a few dedicated science cases. The telescope is planned to be installed at Hanle, Ladakh India which is also a potential site for India's large telescope project. In this paper, we will present the progress made in opto-mechanical design as well development of other sub-systems required for the PSMT. The prototyping effort is one step toward realization of a large telescope in India and it is expected to be completed in two years period.
Alignment and Phasing system (APS) is one of essential device for any segmented mirror telescope. It helps to align and phase mirror segments, so that all together they works like a monolithic surface. Over last two years we have been exploring a possibility of using pyramid based wave-front sensor in the APS of a Prototype Segmented Mirror Telescope (PSMT), being developed in India. As a first step, we have derived the basic mathematical formulations required for the pyramid sensor and then after simulated the functional aspects of the pyramid sensor in the MATLAB. In order to carry out experimentation on pyramid sensor, we have also designed an optical setup using the ZEMAX. Since manufacturing of a high quality pyramid is a challenge, therefore, we have come up with a simple scheme in which the PSF is divided into multiple pupils using a rotating mask. In this paper, we briefly present the mathematical formulation, the technique of wave-front reconstruction, various simulations using the MATLAB and the ZEMAX as well as results obtained through a preliminary experimentation.
The primary mirror for a 10 meter class telescope will be made of many individual segments rather than a
monolithic mirror, because of the ease with which the segments can be made, transported and replaced. An
f1 primary mirror with an RoC of 20 meter is modeled using Zemax. The theoretical evaluation of the basic
properties of the individual segments such as dimensions, orientation and location, has been carried out. The
dimensions of each segment is different because the primary mirror is curved and aspheric. These parameters
are further optimised with respect to the image spot size and also to minimise the narrow, uniform gap between
the segments. The results of this optimisation is discussed in this paper.
In the new era of astronomy, we go for bigger telescopes having segmented primary and secondary mirrors. But once
segmentation is done, aligning and phasing mirror segments so that altogether they act like a monolithic mirror of a large
diameter, becomes critical. Co-phasing is a complex task that needed to be done after aligning the segments. Diffraction
limited resolution is only possible by a large segmented telescope, if mirror segments are co-phased. Co-phasing techniques
rely on physical optics and in one of the technique implemented in Keck telescope is based on analysis of diffraction pattern
generated by Shack Hartmann sensor. This same technique is being further explored by us in laboratory experimentation.
In this paper we present our effort to develop a simple but robust phasing technique for a large segmented mirror telescope
proposed to be installed in India. After rigorous mathematical exercise , analytical formulation for the phasing technique is
derived, which is further used to simulate in MATLAB. The MATLAB results are cross checked with the ZEMAX. There
after, a preliminary laboratory experiment has been conducted to check the feasibility of using this technique for phasing
segmented mirrors.
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