We present an algorithm for the rapid retrieval of the carbon dioxide total column amounts (XCO2) using short wave infrared (SWIR) spectra of the reflected sunlight measured from space. The algorithm takes advantage of the combined processing of observational data from two different satellite missions. For the algorithm implementation we adopted the previously developed EOF (Empirical Orthogonal Functions)-based approach that exploits regression relations of the principal components of the measured spectra with target XCO2 values. In the original algorithm version the regression coefficients were derived by using training sets of collocated satellite and ground-based observations (ground-based observations were treated as “true values”). In this paper we implemented similar approach in which training set for one satellite mission is created using collocated observations of the another “reference” space mission simultaneously on-orbit (in this case XCO2 retrievals of the “reference” mission were treated as “true values”). This approach enables rapid data processing of the new satellite missions omitting expensive and time consuming stage of retrieval algorithm development. The feasibility of the approach was tested by joint processing of GOSAT and OCO-2 observation data. For the analysis of the algorithm precision/accuracy characteristics we used the collocated observations from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON).
The method of combined lidar and radiometer sounding (LRS) became a specialized tool for measuring altitude distributions of aerosol optical parameters and aerosol mode concentrations. The work gives description of advanced version of LRS technique, which integrates data of ground-based multiwavelength lidar systems, as well as satellite lidars like CALIOP, with data of AERONET radiometer stations for monitoring aerosol mode concentration profiles to study the atmospheric process over the area of large regions, or the Earth's atmosphere as a whole. Lidar and Radiometer Inversion Cod (LIRIC) is used as a base software package for processing data of terrestrial and satellite lidar observation because of high stability of its sequential inversion procedure for processing combined radiometer and lidar data. Special software module was developed to extract the ensemble of individual CALIOP profiles of attenuated backscatters in the vicinity of AERONET sites from CALIPSO Lidar L1B Profile Data. A number of collocated measurements by means of AERONET radiometer, ground-based lidar and CALIOP were carried out to validate the results of the extended LRS technique. Altitude profiles of aerosol mode concentrations retrieved from ground-based and satellite lidar data are compared to estimate differences between two types of LRSmeasurements. Advanced terrestrial and satellite LRS technique was used to obtain the “snapshot” of aerosol concentration profiles over the world in the frame of international “Lidar and Radiometer measurement campaign - 2017" (LRMC-2017). Thirty nine combined lidar and radiometer stations in Eurasian and South American continents participated in terrestrial part of the campaign.
A. Chaikovsky, A. Bril, A. Fedarenka, V. Peshcharankou, S. Denisov, V. Dick, F. Asipenka, Yu. Balin, G. Kokhanenko, I. Penner, S. Samoilova, M. Klemasheva, S. Nasonov, G. Zhamsueva, A. Zayakhanov, V. Tsydypov, D. Azzaya, D. Oyunchimeg, G. Bayasgalan, E. Enkhbat, M. Regzedmaa, N. Lkhagvadorj, G. Dulamtsoo, N. Enkhmaa, Sh. Amarbileg, Nguyen Xuan Anh, Pham Xuan Thanh, Hiep Van Nguyen, Pham Le Khuong, B. Chen, L. Sverdlik
The development of the scientific, methodological and technical basis for an integrated terrestrial and satellite monitoring of the atmosphere and the Earth's surface over the Eurasian continent is the goal of an international project carried out by the scientific organizations of Belarus, Russia, Mongolia and Vietnam with the support of the Eurasian Association for the Support of Scientific Research (EAPS). The report presents the results of testing the method of coordinated terrestrial and satellite, lidar and radiometric measurements to study altitude profiles of aerosol parameters in the areas of AERONET stations in the countries participating in the project. The data of the satellite lidar CALIOP and the solar radiometer were processed by the algorithms developed in the frame of combined lidar and radiometric sounding technique (LRS). Coordinated multiwavelength lidar measurements were carried out at remote sensing stations in IPNASB (Minsk, Belarus), IAO (Tomsk, Russia) and KRSU (Teplokluchenka, Kyrgyzstan) to validate the results of satellite data processing.
We present further development of the empirical orthogonal functions (EOF)-based retrieval algorithm. The algorithm output is a regression formula that relates principal components of the reflected sunlight spectra with CO2 total column amount. The algorithm was implemented and tested for the observations from the Japanese satellite Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT). Training of the EOF-based algorithm with the collocated ground-based and space-borne data (e.g., Total Carbon Column Observing Network and GOSAT observations, respectively) was shown to impose some errors that were interpreted as a result of implicit averaging over the collocation area. Alternative training with the small subset (∼5 % to 10%) of the full-physics algorithm is free of such errors; however, this option requires additional filtering of the space-borne observations that are strongly affected by atmospheric light scattering. This filtering was implemented by the comparison of the EOF-regression estimates of surface pressure with corresponding meteorological data.
We present satellite-based data of the column-averaged dry air mole fraction of atmospheric carbon dioxide (XCO2) and methane (XCH4), which were derived from the radiance spectra measured by Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). We have applied new version of the Photon path-length Probability Density Function (PPDF)-based
algorithm to estimate XCO2 and PPDF parameters. These parameters serve to allow for optical path modification due to
atmospheric light scattering and they are retrieved simultaneously with CO2 concentration using radiance spectra from
all available GOSAT short wave infrared (SWIR) bands (oxygen A-band, 1.6-μm, and 2.0-μm CO2 absorption bands). For the methane abundance, retrieved from 1.67-μm absorption band, we applied optical path correction based on PPDF parameters from 1.6-μm CO2 absorption band. Similarly to widely used CO2-proxy technique, this correction assumes identical light path modifications in 1.67-μm and 1.6-μm bands. This approach is believed to offer some advantages over the proxy technique since it does not use any prior assumptions on carbon dioxide concentrations. Both carbon dioxide and methane GOSAT retrievals were validated using ground-based Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS)
measurements provided by the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). For XCO2 retrievals we found subppm station-to-station bias (GOSAT versus TCCON); single-scan precision of mostly below 2 ppm (0.5%); and
correlation coefficient for the Northern Hemisphere TCCON stations above 0.8. For XCH4 retrievals over TCCON sites
we found single-scan precision below 1 % and correlation coefficient above 0.8.
Inverse estimation of surface C02 fluxes is performed with atmospheric transport model using ground-based and GOSAT observations. The NIES-retrieved C02 column mixing (Xc02) and column averaging kernel are provided by GOSAT Level 2 product v. 2.0 and PPDF-DOAS method. Monthly mean C02 fluxes for 64 regions are estimated together with a global mean offset between GOSAT data and ground-based data. We used the fixed-lag Kalman filter to infer monthly fluxes for 42 sub-continental terrestrial regions and 22 oceanic basins. We estimate fluxes and compare results obtained by two inverse modeling approaches. In basic approach adopted in GOSAT Level4 product v. 2.01, we use aggregation of the GOSAT observations into monthly mean over 5x5 degree grids, fluxes are estimated independently for each region, and NIES atmospheric transport model is used for forward simulation. In the alternative method, the model-observation misfit is estimated for each observation separately and fluxes are spatially correlated using EOF analysis of the simulated flux variability similar to geostatistical approach, while transport simulation is enhanced by coupling with a Lagrangian transport model Flexpart. Both methods use using the same set of prior fluxes and region maps. Daily net ecosystem exchange (NEE) is predicted by the Vegetation Integrative Simulator for Trace gases (VISIT) optimized to match seasonal cycle of the atmospheric C02 . Monthly ocean-atmosphere C02 fluxes are produced with an ocean pC02 data assimilation system. Biomass burning fluxes were provided by the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED); and monthly fossil fuel C02 emissions are estimated with ODIAC inventory. The results of analyzing one year of the GOSAT data suggest that when both GOSAT and ground-based data are used together, fluxes in tropical and other remote regions with lower associated uncertainties are obtained than in the analysis using only ground-based data. With version 2.0 of L2 Xc02 the fluxes appear reasonable for many regions and seasons, however there is a need for improving the L2 bias correction, data filtering and the inverse modeling method to reduce estimated flux anomalies visible in some areas. We also observe that application of spatial flux correlations with EOF based approach reduces flux anomalies.
This paper concerns development of a new retrieval algorithm for the processing of the Greenhouse gases Observing
SATellite (GOSAT) data. GOSAT is scheduled to be launched in 2009 to monitor column amounts of CO2 and CH4. A
nadir-looking Fourier-Transform Spectrometer (FTS) of Short Wavelength Infrared (SWIR, 1.6 microns and 2 microns)
and 0.76 microns oxygen A-band regions are mounted on GOSAT.
We focus on the methane retrievals from 1.67 μm spectral band under conditions of strong optical path modification due
to atmospheric scattering. First, the algorithm of spectral channel selection is proposed to reduce the effects of
uncertainties in water vapor content and solar spectrum. Two techniques for the atmospheric scattering correction are
compared: one uses CO2 as a proxy gas; the second is based on the simple parameterization of photon path-length
probability density function (PPDF). The latter technique includes the following steps: estimation of PPDF parameters
from radiance spectra in the O2 A-band and 2.0 -μm CO2 band, the necessary correction to use these estimated
parameters in the 1.58-μm CO2 and 1.67-μm CH4 bands; and, finally, CO2 and methane retrievals. Both approaches were
verified by numerical simulations using an independent radiative transfer approach to produce radiance spectra expected
for the GOSAT sensor. The accuracy of the retrievals in the presence of aerosols and cirrus cloud is discussed.
The results of model study for CO2 retrievals from numerically synthesized GOSAT (Greenhouse gases Observing
SATellite) observation data are presented. The GOSAT is scheduled to be launched in 2008 to monitor column amounts
of CO2 and CH4. A nadir-looking Fourier-Transform Spectrometer (FTS) of Short Wavelength Infrared (SWIR, 1.6 μm
and 2 μm) and 0.76 μm oxygen A-band regions will be mounted on GOSAT. To assess CO2 sources and sinks, the
monthly averaged CO2 column amounts estimated by satellite-based measurements should have a precision of within 1%
or better to provide an advantage over existing ground-based measurement networks. This study focuses on CO2
retrievals in the presence of cirrus clouds. An important feature of this problem is to apply radiance data measured in
several spectral channels. In particular, 1.58 μm spectral band was utilized for CO2 total column amount retrievals. The
cloud correction was performed using an original approach that is based on the application of the equivalence theorem
with parameterization of photon path-length probability density function (PPDF). The PPDF parameters were estimated
using nadir radiance in the oxygen A-band and in the H2O-saturated area of the 2.0 μm spectral band.
We describe an original methodology to account for aerosol and cirrus cloud contributions to reflected sunlight. This method can be applied to the problem of retrieving greenhouse gases from satellite-observed data and is based on the equivalence theorem with further parameterization of the photon path-length probability density function (PPDF). Monte Carlo simulation was used to validate this parameterization for a vertically non-homogeneous atmosphere including an aerosol layer and cirrus clouds. Initial approximation suggests that the PPDF depends on four parameters that can be interpreted as the effective cloud height, cloud relative reflectance, and two additional factors to account for photon path-length distribution under the cloud. We demonstrate that these parameters can be efficiently retrieved from the nadir radiance measured in the oxygen A-band and from the H2O-saturated area of the CO2 2.0 ?m spectral band.
Scientific groups engaged within the frame of the observation networks AERONET and EARLINET perform this work. The methodology of coordinated multi-frequency lidar and radiometric investigation of atmospheric aerosols is being developed for using in network observations. The method to process data of a comprehensive experiment utilizes the approach1,2 designed to process CIMEL data. The retrieval of altitude profiles of aerosol parameters is based on solving a common equation set including lidar equations, equations for the whole atmospheric depth, and constraints on the smoothness of the solutions. The results of numerical experiments are given in the paper to estimate errors while retrieving aerosol parameters. The measurement procedure and algorithms for data processing were refined during the summer-autumn, 2002 at the stations of the Institute of Physics (Minsk, Belarus) and Institute of Geophysics (Belsk, Poland). The stations were equipped by devices CIMEL and three-frequency lidars (532, 694, and 1064 nm). The CIMELs operated according to the routine AERONET program during the measurements. To provide gathering the data on the whole areosol layer, a series of lidar observations was made at different elevation angles. A pro9cedure to successively approach to an optimal estimation of aerosol parameters is proposed in this work to enable data processing with real measurement errors. The results of retrieving vertical profiles of aerosol fraction concentrations are presented for different quality of measurement information.
We have elaborated and evaluated a new high-precision method of automated establishment of the position of an object. Unlike the method using laser theodolites, the desire object is defined not by a specular reflector, but a laser beam directed upwards (laser spotlight). In so doing, the photodetectores register the laser radiation scattered by the aerosol component of the atmosphere and propagating perpendicularly to the beam axis (side scattering). The intensities of the side scattering registered by the photodetectors have been estimated in terms of the current concepts as a function of the distance, laser radiation parameters, and the state of the atmosphere. The calculations have shown that despite the relatively small value of the side scattering intensity, it is possible to reliably register light signal from large distances with the use of sufficiently powerful lasers and high-sensitivity photodetectores. To evaluate the proposed method, we developed and tested under real conditions an operative model of a laser-optical system based on a small-size "dry" neodymium laser (peak power of 0.5 MW, pulse repetition rate up to 5 Hz). The model is able to automatically establish the position of an object at a distance of up to 0.5 km to an accuracy no worse than 20 cm in a locality blocked from direct observation.
A flexible algorithm to commonly process lidar and sun sky-scanning radiometer measurements is developed. The algorithm is oriented towards the engineering facilities of the radiometer CIMEL used by AERONET network and a two-to-four wavelength lidar used by European lidar network EARLINET. Numerical experiments were performed to assess algorithm sensitivity to measurement errors and possible violations of basic model assumptions.
A problem on introduction of additional a prior assumptions to construct a closed set of lidar equations at several wavelengths and on their solutions to estimate microphysical parameters of atmospheric aerosols by multi-frequency laser sounding data is discussed. Some regression relations between spectral values of aerosol backscatter and extinction coefficients in the visible and near-IR are used as the assumptions. The regressions are constructed by model considerations. The optical atmospheric aerosol model of the World Meterological Organization is taken as a basic one. The constructed regressions enable one to evaluate the solvability of, generally, ill-conditioned lidar equations and the errors in the solutions as well as to make some estimations with respect to the determination of aerosol microstructural parameters. This work has been directed towards the design of procedures and algorithms to process laser sounding data gathered routinely by lidar setups of the Institute of Physics, Belarus National Academy of Sciences, Minsk, Republic of Belarus within the frame of a number of International and National research and development programs.
The results of comprehensive field experiment are presented. The objective of the experiment is lidar technique development for control of pollutant dispersion from pulse source. Experiment was carried out in steppe region, underlying surface was covered with sparse vegetation. Charge exploded at the altitude of 10 m stand for source of pollutant. Lidar was used to trace the cloud of explosion products. The ratio of backscatter signal from the cloud to aerosol background signal was recorded along with the time and coordinates of sounded points. Ultrasonic meteorological station and sodar 25 - 30 meters distant from explosion location were used to measure air temperature, vertical and horizontal components of wind velocity and its direction, total energy of turbulent motions, tangential turbulent friction stress and vertical turbulent heat flow. Experimental data were compared with the results of numerical modeling of pollutant spatial distribution performed on the basis of Gaussian statistical model. Numerical results were primarily in satisfactory agreement with experimental data.
This paper presents the methodology to process data of combined experiments using a Sun/sky scanning radiometer and a multi-frequency aerosol lidar. An algorithm is proposed to retrieve the optical properties of altitude-inhomogeneous aerosol layer reflecting both the vertical changes of atmospheric aerosol detected by lidars and the integral aerosol properties measured by ground-based Sun/sky radiometers.
A potential source of errors at remote measurements of concentration of atmospheric gases by CO2-lasers is the incomplete knowledge of atmospheric composition and temperature during measurements. This paper gives a general expression for errors owing to approximate description of the composition of the base of a statistical atmospheric model and of separate parameters measured during laser sounding. Measurements of additional atmospheric parameters are shown can reduce considerably the uncertainty in the concentration of a gas studied. A special computer code is designed to search pairs of frequencies with minimal error in mean-path horizontal measurements by using a topographic target. The performed calculations showed that a number of referenced experiments on remote measuring of atmospheric gas concentrations by CO2-lasers were conducted at frequencies that did not provide the minimal atmospheric errors.6
The simple effective method for computing the spectral thermal radiation intensity from jets of hydrocarbon fuel combustion products viewing through thick atmosphere layers is proposed. The method is based on (1) similarity of radiation characteristics of optically thin turbulent jets and (2) three-group approximation. The first approach can be used because jet radiation filtered by sufficiently thick atmospheric layer is concentrated mainly at frequencies where radiating volume is optically thin. Within three-group approximation developed for radiation transfer calculation in molecular rotational-vibrational bands the lines in each spectral interval are approximated by several (up to 3) groups of lines with the same lower energy levels. This allows one to account for the contribution of so called 'hot' lines that arise due to transitions between excited states and are weakly absorbed in low temperature atmosphere.
The results of the investigations of turbulent fluctuation influence on heat radiation of hydrocarbon fuel combustion jets are presented. These results show that temperature fluctuations are one of the basic factors forming radiation fields on non-reactive jets. The approach used is based on optically thin pulsation approximation that allow to account for temperature fluctuation contribution using local averaging of optical characteristics in radiation transfer equation. Such averaging may be completed using model probability density functions (PDF) of temperature and concentration. Several PDF models were verified on the basis of measured and calculated jet IR radiance comparison.
Similarity of radiation characteristics of heated turbulent jets was revealed experimentally and confirmed theoretically. A universal function that describes thermal radiation of many jets with different outlet parameters was found. A method was developed for prediction of IR radiation emitted by exhaust jets in finite spectral intervals containing many spectral lines.
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