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Unintentional impurities can play a significant role in reducing the efficiency of crystalline silicon solar cells. With the advent of low-cost solar-grade silicon feedstocks, this is likely to remain the case well into the future. The purpose of this paper is to review the most important impurities in directionally-solidified ingot-grown multicrystalline silicon, their chemical states, where they come from, and the most commonly used techniques to detect them.
D. Macdonald andJ. Tan
"Impurities in solar-grade silicon", Proc. SPIE 6800, Device and Process Technologies for Microelectronics, MEMS, Photonics, and Nanotechnology IV, 68000X (9 January 2008); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.753494
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D. Macdonald, J. Tan, "Impurities in solar-grade silicon," Proc. SPIE 6800, Device and Process Technologies for Microelectronics, MEMS, Photonics, and Nanotechnology IV, 68000X (9 January 2008); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.753494