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Transparent dome elements for future higher speed missile systems place stringent requirements on the mechanical properties of the dome material. Currently no material meets all the requirements. Among the five candidate oxide materials, sapphire appears to be the best choice based upon material properties, thermal shock resistance and status of material production. A disadvantage of sapphire is that it must be produced in single crystal form because of its anisotropic structure. A new approach to produce near net-shaped sapphire domes from the melt is discussed. Multiple near-net-shaped sapphire domes of various sizes and curvature have been produced.
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Chandra P. Khattak, Frederick Schmid, "Production of near-net-shaped sapphire domes using the heat exchanger method," Proc. SPIE 1760, Window and Dome Technologies and Materials III, (14 December 1992); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.130784