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In this paper, an optical fiber pressure transducer, measuring range from 0 to 1.6 MPa, resolution 0.0001 MPa, and non-linearity error less than 0.5%, is presented. Similar to previous techniques, this transducer determines pressure on the strain of the pressure diaphragm. But it introduces a multi-mode Y splitter in the illuminating fiber of the primary two-fiber displacement sensor to receive the reference signal collected by illuminating the fiber itself. Theoretical analysis and trial data show that the pressure transducer based on this design has improved sensitivity, while its non-linearity error has decreased. It is confirmed also that the pressure transducer has long term stability.
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A method of high-temperature measurement under high pressure is described. This method can be used to detect the temperature, and also to measure the pressure under high temperature, or both at the same time. This optical fiber sensor probe has rapid response (t < 10 ns) and can support pressure of 100 MPa with the protection of a specially designed optical window. The range of temperature is 2000 to 3600 K.
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A device measuring the width of a cold-rolling strip with one-fiber reflective sensors is presented. This device has the advantages of simple configuration, easy adjustment, high measuring accuracy, and high adaptability in comparison with photo-electric measurement, which has the drawback of complicated configuration and difficult adjustment. Experimental results confirm the validity of this device.
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An optically powered thermistor transducer for measuring temperature is introduced. Both signal and supply power are transmitted by optical fiber in opposite directions between probe and main frame. The probe, which includes measuring and light transmission circuits, consumes only about 27.5 (mu) W, because it uses all CMOS chips and a special modulation scheme to reduce its electrical consumption. If LED is used as the power source and plastic optical fiber ((phi) equals 1 mm) as power transmission, the optically powered distance is less than one m. If SD as optical source and silicon optical fiber ((phi) equals 0.2 mm) as power transmission are to be used, the powered distance can get up to several hundred meters.
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A new pyrometer has been developed for solving the affection of radiant emittance change in temperature measuring. The mathematical model of the new optical fiber pyrometer is presented, the errors of the new pyrometer are analyzed, and the experimental results are given. The pyrometer is capable of high accuracy and radiant emittance correction.
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A new type of fiber, an optic interferometer, is proposed and analyzed. Based on a Mach- Zehnder interferometer and recirculating delay line, this novel fiber-optic interferometer offers nearly six times the sensitivity of a comparable Mach-Zehnder interferometer, together with the unique capability of compensating for the optical source's wavelength variation and environmental fluctuations by appropriate adjustment of its two phase biases.
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The authors report the experimental and theoretical study of a sensor based on the temperature induced by the variation of the refraction-index difference versus the temperature when PCS fiber is used. This sensor uses the fiber directly as temperature sensor, as well as to transmit data. Because of the sharp variation of bend losses under strong curvatures, it has a high sensitivity over a wide range.
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A practical fiber microbend measurement instrument and methods for fluid level are proposed in this paper. The principle of the two signals ratio measurement is introduced. The techniques of light feedback and phase-sensitive demodulation are used to stabilize the light source. Improvement in drift, noise, high reliability and long-term stability by means of taking these methods are also discussed.
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The techniques of stabilizing and linearizing the output of a fiber-optic magnetometer are analyzed both theoretically and experimentally. Results show that the modified phase sensitivity detection system can eliminate the affects of variations due to laser coupling, polarization mixing efficiency, and magnetic feedback and the affects of hysteresis and irregular magnetostrictive response.
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Temperature drift of a fiber-optic gyroscope, especially as caused by electro-optical crystal (Ti: LiNbO3) phase modulator and fiber coil, is studied in this paper. Temperature drift is separated from the gyro output, which includes Sagnac phase shift and temperature drift. A novel compensation system that has been proved effective in preliminary experiments is proposed.
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Because of the variation of the reflection coefficient, the measuring accuracy is greatly affected with the reflected optical fiber displacement sensor (OFDS). In this presentation, the author presents a new kind of sensing scheme which can correct the reflection coefficient in real time and make it possible to realize on-line measurement.
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An optical fiber sensor for measuring the rotatory power of substances, which can be used to take the remote real-time detection based on optical activity, is presented in this paper. The range in which the optical activity can be measured is +/- 90 degree(s)S for this setup. Owing to the fact that optical zero point of 45 degree(s) is adjusted, the double optical paths, electric bridge equilibrium, and the compensation measured method are employed. The influence caused by instability of optical source and vibration of equipment can be eliminated, and the signal-to-noise ratio can be greatly enhanced.
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A single-mode fiber-optic Mach-Zehnder interferometric strain sensor has been developed which uses many turns of single-mode optical fibers in the sensing arm to amplify the effects of earth strain. Homodyne with dc-phase tracking (PTDC) has been used to detect the phase shift of less than 10-3 rad. Laboratory experiments show that the fiber-optic strain sensor can measure the strain on the order of 10-12.
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The multimode fiber optical temperature sensor system is a cobalt salt solution (CoCl26H2O) in the isoptopyl alcohol and water thermochromic transducer based on the dual-wavelength difference absorption principle. The digital locking-in detection, the operation of signal division and temperature calibration is operated by IBM PC computer. The measurement temperature range of the fiber-optic sensor system is 30 degree(s)C to 50 degree(s)C, accuracy is +/- 0.15 degree(s)C, and the temperature resolution is 0.02 degree(s)C. The most accurate measurements resulting from repeated stability tests over 6 and 12 hours (40 degree(s)C) are +/- $0.05 degree(s)C and +/- 0.18 degree(s)C, and the temperature mean is displayed in real time.
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Quasi-instantaneous converse piezoelectric effects of piezoelectric ceramics (PZT) surface are investigated with a sinusoidal phase modulating interferometer using optical fibers. The authors demonstrate, experimentally, the surface displacement responses of piezoelectric ceramics to quasi-instantaneous drive voltage.
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A multi-mode fiber-optic Mach-Zehnder interferometric strain sensor has been constructed in which interference field is much brighter than that of a single-mode fiber-optic interferometer. Several measures are taken on the basis of theoretical analysis. An interference pattern with excellent visibility has been obtained. Speckle effects have apparently been cut down. Stain coefficient and temperature coefficient are 1.17 X 107 rad/m and 72.4 fringes/(mK), respectively, and are in agreement with theory.
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A novel fiber phase retarder (FPR) used in the electrical field meter is reported. The measuring precision of total installation is up to (lambda) /300. The (lambda) /4 wave-plane is achieved by grinding the fiber into a suitable length, which is determined by the phase retard measuring. FPR is accomplished with a precision of (lambda) /100. The average error is about (lambda) /900. As the high birefringence fibers are perfected, the FPR will be a novel optical component with many potential applications.
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A novel rmethxl is propoeed for multiplexing fiber-optic interfermetric ssor using tine-division multiplexing (TDM) technique.
Based on fiber-optic recirculating delay line arI ecmpensating interferometer tethnology, this array of all-paive remote
scnrs exhibits high serivity , minimal crosstalk between sensors with efficient utilization of optical power.
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Terbium-doped optical fiber has a high Verdet constant and is called a magnet-sensitive fiber. It is of importance for a variety of applications, including magnetic field sensors, current sensors, and fiber-type isolators. In this paper, the authors describe magnet-sensitive optical fiber fabrication, magneto-optic coefficient measurement, and its application in current sensor systems. Experimental results show that the Verdet constant of magnet-sensitive fiber containing high rare-earth content (approximately 4000 parts in 106) is 2.7 times as high as that of ordinary silica-based fiber. When tested in current sensor systems, it gives similar performance observed in ultralow birefringent fiber.
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A 34 Mb/s time-division photonic switching system is proposed. This system has significance in fiber sensor distribution networks and B-ISDN networks. A novel optical network is constructed. It consists of a 4 X 4 optical waveguide switch, a 1 X 4 fiber coupler, four fiber delay lines and polarization controllers. The wavelength in use is 1.3 micrometers . Four telephones are used as demonstrated terminals. All of the possible switching modes among four subscribers can work properly under the control of a micro-computer. Besides processing the normal audio signal and other integrated data, this system is also working in word-by-word mode. One word--the basic data structure and processing unit in this system--consists of eight bits. Moreover, one word can hold more than eight bits, so the throughput of the system can be promoted highly. System reliability and probability in public networks are discussed.
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An optical fiber pH sensor which has the immobilized pH sensitive indicator dye reagents on the tip of the optical fiber has been studied. The probe is made by covalently immobilizing the phenol red, bromine phenol blue, or bromothymol blue on the polyacrylamide microsphere fixed by polyterafluoroethylene (PTFE) film. A gap between the dye and optical fiber was used to make the diffusion of the hydrogen ions easier. The parameters of the optical fiber pH sensor have been given completely. The ranges of measurement are 3.0 - 5.0 pH, 7.0 - 8.5 pH, and 8.0 - 10.0 pH for bromine phenol blue, phenol red, and bromothymol blue, respectively. The sensitivity is 66.6 mV/pH. The probe has a precision of better than 0.55 pH. The linear correlation coefficient is 0.999. The response time is 1 - 2 min. The hysteresis is 0.52%. The repeatability is 0.013 mV, while the stability is 0.015 pH/h.
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A multifunction, multichannel remote-reading optical fiber sensor system is presented. The sensor system is based on the principles of frequency modulation continuous wave (FMCW) heterodyne interference, frequency-intensity-division multiplexing. It has the advantages of high measurement accuracy, large measurement range, immunity from electromagnetic interference and temperature influence, noncontact, small probe size, multichannel, and remote reading.
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Fixed-beam resonant sensors are reported. Resonant structure may be fabricated using a small beallon tape, fixed at the two ends, forming a beam or bridge. An unmodulated laser beam focussed onto the surface of the beams can set them into vibration at frequencies of a few hundred hertz. Such vibration can easily be detected by analyzing the reflected light from the beams by an electro-optical receiving device. These resonant sensors can measure such physical parameters as temperature and pressure owing to the fact that the frequency of the resonant element corresponds to the variable being measured.
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Conclusions were obtained for polarization maintaining fiber (PMF) in which the two-frequency laser optical fiber sensor was used. In the case of longitudinal strain (epsilon) -3, the optical phase change per unit fiber elongation, $TOP(phi) /$TOPl is a constant, independent of the total length of fiber which is drawn, and the change in modal birefringence of the fiber, $TOPB, is linearly proportional to (epsilon) . By using these conclusions, very small strain and Young's modulus can be measured. The result of Young's modulus experiment shows that it is successful to measure small strain or small displacement by means of measurement of the strain of the optical fiber itself.
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A high intelligence optical fiber image sensor consisting of the optical fiber image transmission bundle, camera, and microcomputer is described. Its principle is that an image of the object in a particular environment is formed by the optical objective at one end of the optical fiber image transmission bundle and transmitted by the optical fibers. The two- dimensional optical image at the other end is converted by the camera into video signals which are loaded onto the A/D board in the microcomputer to realize A/D conversion. the resulting digitalized image is stored in the frame memory. Image processing and analysis such as noise elimination, image intensification, detection, identification and counting are performed on this image by the programmed dedicated software. This device enables picture pick-up and processing in places with strong magnetic fields, radioactivity, high temperature, and high humidity as well as in areas classified as explosion-proof, featuring a good practicability.
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An all-optical fiber and general halogen lamp based remote measuring system for CH4 is reported. This system, under the control of a microcomputer, has realized fully optical real- time and continuous detection for CH4 by using a 20X5X6 cm3 White cell, in which optical paths up to 2.4 m long as the gas sensor, and a 2.0 km low loss optical fiber as the signal transmission channel are employed. The system utilizes an approach called Time Divided Multiplying Double Wavelength Detection (TDMDWD). It can detect 0- 99.99% of CH4.
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The structure, principle, and some data of a truck-load sensing system are described. A piece of special rubber is used as an elastic element, and the optical fiber curved in spirals is embedded in the rubber. When the load is put on the rubber, the rubber is compressed. The light intensity thus decreases because of the radius of the bend fiber changes, and the weight can be determined according to the light loss ratio. This system consists of bridge approaches, platforms, sensors, and single-chip processor.
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Mass production of fused 3 X 3 single-mode fiber couplers has been realized with low excess losses and good splitting ratio uniformity. With stable characteristics even under severe environmental conditions, the couplers are highly desired components in construction of single-mode fiber interferometric sensors.
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The fundamental principles and characteristics of wavelength distribution optical fiber sensors are described. An optical fiber sensor is used to count railway tickets. This sensor adapts line array optical fiber receivers and two-wavelength difference measurements, thereby greatly decreasing the requirement on light source brightness and steadiness. The system's sensibility and anti-interference ability have been improved at the same time. Compared with traditional inductive touch--needle counter techniques, it has more reliability and high-frequency counting response, and the measurement is contactless.
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The paper discribed the principle and method of distributed fiber optic pressure sensor
utilizing OTDR technique. The relativity of the microbend loss and bend radius of the multimode
optical fiber is discussed ,and its experimental curve is given. In this paper ,a new
type of OTDR measuring system using single-chip microcomputer is introduced as well
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Optical sensors have two notable advantages in modern precision measurement. One is that they can be used in nondestructive measurement because the sensors need not touch the surfaces of workpieces in measuring. The other one is that they can strongly resist electromagnetic interferences, vibrations, and noises, so they are suitable to be used in machining sites. But the drift of light intensity and the changing of the reflection coefficient at different measuring positions of a workpiece may have great influence on measured results. To solve the problem, a spectroscopic differential characteristic compensating method is put forward. The method can be used effectively not only in compensating the measuring errors resulted from the drift of light intensity but also in eliminating the influence to measured results caused by the changing of the reflection coefficient. Also, the article analyzes the possibility of and the means of separating data errors of a clinical measuring system for form and position errors of circular workpieces.
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The intrinsic linear birefringence in single-mode optical fibers has a large influence on Faraday rotation and Verdet constant measurement. This problem can be successfully overcome by twisting the fiber. In this paper the relation between the Farady effect signal and the twisted fiber parameters is analyzed, and a new method is proposed and verified experimentally for Verdet constant measurement.
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A new system of comparative pressure leak-detection with fiber-optic sensors is advanced and studied. The expression for differential pressure, detecting time, and minimum detectable leak rate is derived through the study of the pressure in the detected device applied pressure with relation to the detecting time. The fiber-optic differential pressure sensor with high sensitivity and stability is presented and designed. Minimum value of relative differential pressure detected is approximately 3X10-5. Finally, an example of the system used in industrial production is given.
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A model of a transducer for fiber-optic magnetometer is established according to elastic theory. The theoretical and experimental results show that the double-layer structure is better than the single-layer one and a lower Young's modulus value and thinner adhesive layer are helpful to improve the sensitivity of the transducer. The experimental sensitivity of the transducer is up to 10 rad/Oe.
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Based on the strong magnetically induced birefringence and the magneto-optical absorption characteristics of dense ferrofluid thin films, this paper deals with research of their applications for magnetic field and electrical current sensing, using fiber optics. Preliminary experiments show the sensitivity of the system for magnetic field measurement (delta) H is better than 0.1 Oe, and for current measurement (delta) I < 1.2 A with a minimum detectable current threshold 6.5 A, which shows a promising potential for practical applications.
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A new method of measuring temperature using optical fiber is described. The principle of the transducer and experimental results are presented.
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A contact fiber displacement sensor is introduced. According to the principle of reflected intensity modulation, the displacement can be measured by detecting the light intensity with a light detector. By use of the mirror fixed at the end of the measurement lever, the measuring result is not affected by the color, roughness, etc., of the object surface to be tested. The biggest measuring range of the sensor is 0.5 mm, and its nonlinearity is 0.5% by practiced test. The experiment curve is given.
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According to the special requirements of on-line measuring of deep-hole drilling bit wear, a kind of optical fiber microbending sensor (OFMS) with high quality has been developed. This paper reports on experimental research on the main factors which influence the performance of the sensor, the form and the structure parameters of the elastic element. The influence regularity and the best structure parameters are found through a series of experiments. As a result, the best characteristics have been obtained: (1) Resolution: 0.019 micrometers ; (2) Linearity: 1.4%; (3) Natural frequency: 2350 HZ.
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A spatially periodical stress method for measuring the beat length of a highly birefringent fiber has been demonstrated. The relationship between the number of spatially stressed ridges N, the rotation angle (theta) induced by spatially periodical stress, the error of periodical length, and the measuring accuracy is presented. Theoretical and experimental results show the measuring range from 1 submillimeter to 1 cm with an accuracy of the order of 1%.
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The phase Shift of the linear polarizating light introduced by total internal reflection in the optical fibre current sensor
is discussed. Two compensating methods for the phase shift ,the optical one and the geometric one ,are developed. Two designs
of the high polarization-keepthg probes for measurement of the electric current by Faraday magnetooptical effect are
given.
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The effect of phase compensation of PZT and the process of phase tracking in an optical fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer are analyzed and discussed from a mathematical viewpoint.
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A new instrument for measuring surface roughness, which is composed of an optical-fiber sensor and a microcomputer, is presented. The instrument can be used for the measurement of the surface roughness of different machining processes; furthermore, it may be used for on- line machining process monitoring and quality controlling.
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The alignment of principal axes between birefringent fibers by the spatial technique is investigated theoretically and experimentally. It is shown that the distribution-sensing effect of the method has potential application in optical fiber and cable measurement.
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A fiber-optic turning reflective sensor is introduced. In this technique, the output of a pair of fibers are determined separately and their intensity ratio is used for measuring the relevant physical quantities. It is shown theoretically that many factors such as the variation of the source intensity, the variation of the reflectivity on the reflecting surface, and the difference in the fiber losses which could affect the measuring results in the ordinary method are eliminated in this technique. This is also confirmed by the experiments given in the paper. Based on this sensing technique, a prototype pressure sensor has been made and was used for testing.
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A novel method for detecting methane gas concentration distribution is proposed, based on the characteristics of supported catalytic sensors (SCS) and optical fibers. The feasibility, performance, and applications prospects of this system are also discussed. After analyzing the operating procedure of SCS theoretically, the linear relationship between methane concentration and its working temperature was established. The response of temperature to the methane concentration change is time-dependent. In optical fibers, the Rayleigh backscatter coefficient depends upon the structure of the core material and is time dependent. This fact has been used to measure the temperature distribution along the fiber. Putting a series of sensors along the fiber, the working temperature and locations of these sensors and the methane concentration distribution along the fiber is obtained.
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The design of a reflective fiber-optic displacement sensor for the measurement of the thin film thickness is discussed in this paper. On the basis of traditional reflective fiber-optic displacement sensors, a two-measurement method for measuring the thin film thickness is proposed. Because of the improvement in design, enlargement of the measuring range and enhancement of the initial displacement enable this method to become possible in practical use. This sensor has an outstanding characteristic of being free from the effect of light interference. In performance, it has reached a measuring range of 150 micrometers , nonlinearity of 0.5%, resolution of 0.1 micrometers , stability of drift < 0.5 micrometers /hr, and initial displacement of 3 mm under the condition of no linearity correction.
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A new two-color ratio pyrometer with optical fiber and its microcomputer signal processing system are introduced. A design method for an optical fiber system for temperature measurement make it cost functional. Experimental results and antiperturbations of the sensing probe are also presented.
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The authors fabricated a polycrystalline Si thin film from SiH4 on SiO2 substrates with pulsed KrF laser irradiation (248 nm or 5 eV, peak energy densities of 50 mJcm-2, repetition rates 0.003 - 10 Hz) at temperature Ts 570 degree(s)C. The thickness of the film was about 1.5 micrometers . The deposited rates were estimated about 300 A/min. The resistivity was over 106 (Omega) cm. Film growth on SiO2 substrates at Ts equals 570 degree(s)C were polycrystalline Si as judged by both x-ray diffraction and SEM. Polycrystalline orientations were <111> and <211>, respectively. The film had average grain sizes of 0.5 micrometers with a <111> preferred orientation. A pressure sensor with the polycrystalline Si film was fabricated by laser chemical vapor deposition. The sensor has good linearity and operation temperature range from -60 degree(s)C to 200 degree(s)C. The sensitivity was 10 mv/Vbar.
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The applications prospects of plastic fiber, as a kind of thin cladding optical fiber in fiber optic sensors are introduced. Several main points in the applications are discussed, such as light source photo-detectors coupling loss, and it is pointed out that there are both high and low limitations for liquid medium sensing. Finally, two intensity modulating sensors made of plastic optical fiber are described.
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A novel fiber-optic interferometer, the coupled fiber ring interferometer array (CFRIA) is proposed. The addition of one or more single-mode fiber directional couplers to the fiber ring interferometer results in a CFRIA. The theory based on the matrix method has been proposed for the calculation of the electric field intensity output of the CFRIA. Equations for calculating the transmittance are also derived. The transmission characteristics of two-, three-, and four- coupled CFRIA are calculated. It is shown that a suitable choice of coupling ratio results in ripple-free transmission curves. Various loss effects are given. The CFRIA proposed here will have potential applications in the fiber sensor array, spectroscopy, and coupled resonator fiber lasers.
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A low-loss, high-quality 2X2 wavelength-flattered coupler (WFC) and a new 4X4 star WFC are presented. The typical excess loss of the 2X2 WFC with 50% coupling ratio is less than 0.2 dB with less than +/- 5% deviation of coupling ratio over the wavelength range from 1250 nm to 1600 nm. The typical excess loss of the 4X4 WFC is less than 0.5 dB with less than +/- 2% deviations of coupling ratio for two of the four outputs, and less than +/- 10% for the other two outputs over the wavelength range from 1250 nm to 1600 nm. The package sizes are (Phi) 5X50 mm and (Phi) 6X140 mm, respectively, for the moment.
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A optical fiber sensor with mixed reagent membrane has been developed for ammonia monitoring. The sensitive membrane of the mixed reagent is fixed at the end of a glass optical fiber. The sensor response is linear to corresponding concentration of ammonia in the range of 25 (mu) g to 150 (mu) /100 ml and has been used satisfactorily for the determination of ammonia in blood.
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A novel polarimetric monomode optic fibre sensor for monitoring tool wear is designed and built .The sensor is based on the elastooptic effect induced in the fibre by the acoustic emission (AE). The frequency range of AE wave is about 0. 1 - 1MHz,the minimum of detectable AE amplitude is in the order of 0. 00mm.
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A setup used for measuring the polarization modal dispersion of a polarization-maintaining fiber is arranged. The measurement has high accuracy (<1%) and large dynamic range (0.1 ps to 103 ps). By using this setup, the mode-coupling parameter of polarization-maintaining fiber is also accurately measured.
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A simple optical fiber sensor devoted to measurement in situ of the density of water in oil is described. It is composed of two bundles of fibers. One bundle of fibers transmits light to the droplets of water spread in oil while the other acts at the same time to collect a part of the back-scattered light and to carry it back to a photodetector. The probe configuration is of line- by-line arrangement. With such a device, for the oil containing a very high density of water, the response is an increasing function of the density. The sensor can measure the density of water in oil in the range from 0 to 20%.
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The deformation loss formula for an optical fiber ring is derived from the deformation curve equation of the fiber ring under the action of large radial displacements. Theoretical and experimental results show that such a new type of sensor is highly sensitive to displacement (sensitivity approximately 1 micrometers ) within a wider measuring range (better than 1 mm) which is ten times more than that of a microbending fiber sensor.
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A key theory problem in the study of fiber-optic acceleration sensors is analyzed and discussed. A complete dynamic analysis model about the light intensity modulated by vibration acceleration was derived by means of the fiber-optic connector coupling theory. With this theoretical model, it is convenient to make computer simulation or computer-aided design for fiber-optic vibration sensors. And the model is also the signal processing theoretical foundation for the testing system using the sensors. A detailed discussion and examples of computer simulation with the model are also provided.
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A measuring, controlling, and alarming system for the concentration of a gas or transparent liquid is described. In this system, a Fabry-Perot etalon with an optical fiber is used as the sensor, a charge-coupled device (CCD) is used as the photoelectric converter, and a single- chip microcomputer 8031 along with an interface circuit is used to measure the interference ring signal. The system has such features as real-time and on-line operation, continuous dynamic handling, and intelligent control.
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The optical fiber and photoelectric V/F converter has good anti-interference performance. Using this converter as an A/D converter of the 5.4 MV impulse voltage generator with a microcomputer-controlled system can guarantee that the system work safely and reliably under strong influence from high voltage, heavy current, and a strong electromagnetic field. This paper describes the principles, performance, and operating results of this converter.
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Micro-vibration with amplitude in the range from 2 angstroms to 1150 angstroms of an object is measured by a new Fizeau-type long-gradient index rod lens interferometer with a semiconductor laser. The theoretical analysis and experimental results are given.
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A fiberoptic sensor (FOS) has been developed. In recent years , progress has been made in the understanding
the theory of laser absorption and emission and the electronic components and fiberoptic necessary to
make up a useful instrument.
The technique has been an analytical method of major importance in the areas of geochemistry , biomedical
and blood gas analysis. According to the type of variables to be measured , the wide range classes of
biomedical optical fiber sensor can be defined. Biomedical sensors can be used for oxygen saturation , pH,
P02 , PCO2 measurement.
Blood gas sensors make use of an appropriate reversible reagent fixed at a fiber end , which modulates the
light , and allow spectrophotometric or fluorimetric analysis. An example of such a device would be a pH sensor
based on an immobilized dye whose color or fluorescence properties vary with pH. The term optrode is
used to describe these devices ; probe radiation=detected radiation + reagent phase. The instrumentation for
fiberoptic based on medical sensors can be simple or complex according to the particular applications. Laser
excitation may be used for long-distance transmission of excitation radiation or for getting a useful signal
from a small amount of reagent.
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A demodulation based on a single-chip microcomputer for a fiber-optic Mach-Zehnder interferometer with FM light sources is presented. Two micro-optical FM light generation schemes are introduced.
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Experimental results show that an all-fiber temperature sensing system, in which the optical heterodyne detection techniques are used, has the advantage of both high resolution and wide unambiguous measurement range. It is successful in greatly weakening the influence of environment unsteadiness. In the experimental system, due to the use of a polarization maintaining fiber coupler as a beamsplitter, the general beamsplitter and reflecting mirror are saved.
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The paper systematically describes the theoretical research on the Cerenkov effect of the relativistic electron beam (REB) in optical fibers. The analytical expressions for light generation, collection efficiency, electron incident angle, the Cerenkov radiation sensitivity of the optical fiber to the current density of REB stream, and the response of the sensitivity of both electron energies and electron incident angles are given. The typical sensor system for REB measurement is presented. The dynamic range and bandwidth are quantitatively analyzed. The calculation results are illustrated.
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Two techniques are introduced: optical fiber beam as a probe (including as a light channel) and color subspace linear transformation. The two techniques may be used in many kinds of instruments by means of optical principles and can improve their functions and performances. The example of an optical fiber colorimeter making good use of the two techniques is elaborated on. Comparisons between measuring data and accurate data and errors of optical fiber colorimeters are given. The measuring accuracy indicates that it is of great value to applications in industry and commerce.
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A magneto-optical effect a polarizer is used in place of the Wollaston prism. For this simplified equipment, a new measuring technique has been developed--calculating the harmonics amplitude and phase shift of a measured current by means of the frequency spectrum of the output voltage. Then the current wave can be synthesized by the known parameters. The best way to obtain the spectrum is by fast fourier transform.
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Performances of high-temperature strength (HTS) rare-earth doped optical fiber are related to time characteristics. The relationship between pulse widening in the sensing fiber and its temperature is presented as a linearity. This study of time characteristics of HTS rare-earth optical fiber heated by flame may be used to measure high temperature.
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A noble K-ion exchange waveguide directional coupler sensor has been proposed and fabricated on glass substrates. A decoupling slot is set in the interaction region. The ratio of the light power from two output channels varies with the refractive indices of the filling in the slot.
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A unique optical compensation method combined with the photoelastic effect forms an optical fiber pressure sensor of high accuracy. The principle of the sensor and several factors of influence are introduced and discussed.
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A parallel network for fiber optic sensors based on the general OTDR has been proposed, constructed, and tested.
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A new type of optical fiber current sensor is reported with a detailed introduction to its system design, assembly and performance test results. The mixed-type optical fiber current sensor, using new magneto-optic material and having a miniature sensing head, has met the current transformer standards of class 0.5 set in GB 1028-87 and can be used outdoors with long-term stability.
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By means of the classical theories of electromagnetism, the authors discuss the Faraday effect in several kinds of ordinary media. According to the results of the theoretical analysis, an optimal magneto-optic material, SF8 dense flint glass, was chosen to make the sensing head of an optical fiber magneto-optic current sensor (OFMCS). A novel sensing head was designed based on the theories of physical optics, in which the linear polarized light is propagated without the polarization fading effect. Consequently, a high measurement accuracy and long- term stability is achieved.
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The system construction and sensing principles of the optical fiber magneto-optic current sensor (OFMCS) based on the Faraday effect are presented. Meanwhile, the hardware and software of this kind of OFMCS which includes photo-electronic detection, signal processing, and automatic data acquisition and processing by computer are also described. The experimental results show that the measurement error of this kind of OFMCS caused by long- term stability is better than 0.5%.
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A highly accurate optical fiber liquid level sensor is presented. The single-chip microcomputer is used to process and control the signal. This kind of sensor is characterized by self-security and is explosion-proof, so it can be applied in any liquid level detecting areas, especially in the oil and chemical industries. The theories and experiments about how to improve the measurement accuracy are described. The relative error for detecting the measurement range 10 m is up to 0.01%.
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An optical fiber sensor system with high stability is presented. The properties of this system are theoretically discussed and experimentally compared with the common system. The various kinds of influence on the system are almost eliminated. It is suited to the intensity-type sensor, especially to the weak signal systems.
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This paper describes a closed-loop fiber optic gyroscope, emphasizing the control tracking circuit to realize the closed-loop operation. This control tracker consists of reversal counters with the characteristic of folded binary codes. The experimental results show that the control tracker can be successfully used in the fiber optic gyroscope with a gated phase modulation approach and provides a practical way to implement momentarily the closed-loop operation of the gyroscope.
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The magnetometer described in this paper introduces a photoelectric sampler and a single-chip microcomputer, thus eliminating the error that is not eliminated in the analog circuit. The application of the photoelectric segregator and the voltage-to-frequency convertor have suppressed the interference significantly. According to the requirement of measuring the magnetic field, the function of automatic searching the latching is added. The intelligent magnetometer has higher accuracy and good temperature stability.
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The principle underlying a light strength modulated fiber optic sensor used to detect the slipping of an object grasped by a robot hand is described. As an application, a robot hand grasping force regulating system activated by this sensor is presented.
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The authors present a method to measure the fringe visibility of the optical fiber interferometer in a dynamic and real-time way. The measurement is realized by the light modulation method. An interferometer is taken as an example to explain the measuring principle, and some typical experimental results are given. The interferometer used is constructed by the graded index multimode fibers with 50 micrometers core diameter.
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The single-layer coating technology is applied to coherent fiber bundles, and the detailed theoretical analysis and experimental research on antireflection technology of the end surfaces for coherent fiber bundles are described. By coating the end surfaces of bundles with film a quarter-wave in thickness, the reflectance is reduced. Experimental results of both direct coating and indirect coating methods are presented, and the results are analyzed and discussed.
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The application of optical fiber technology on board naval vessels is discussed, with emphasis on the optical fiber image guides and optical fiber communication. (1) Optical fiber image guides, when integrated with traditional technology, may give rise to a new type of observation device with more extensive capabilities, and may provide a solution to some tricky problems in the field of shipboard optical technology. (2) The use of optical fiber image guides may greatly improve the operation efficiency of shipboard weapon systems, and may lead to a revolutionary change in the field of tactical weapons competition. (3) A well- developed optical fiber communication network will modernize the internal communication within a ship. Such a network constitutes a prototype for future intercom systems.
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This paper introduces the design process characteristics, and some related experimental studies about optical fiber pyrometric sensors which are applied to temperature measurement in gas- making furnaces.
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The characteristics of the optical fiber compensation network used in intensity modulation optical fiber sensors are analyzed in detail. The factors which have influence on the nodal parameters of the compensation network, and the influence of the changes in the parameters on the characteristics of the compensation network, are discussed and the results are presented.
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An optical fiber sensor for on-line correlation velocity measurement is introduced. Based upon the discussion about the requirement of the correlation velocity measurement to the sensor, the authors present the design of the sensor structure and parameters in detail and describe in principle the measurement of the equivalent gap of the random signals obtained from the two detection windows of the sensor.
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An optical refractometer is discussed which includes an optical fiber sensing probe, main body, temperature correcting and temperature and density indication. The authors describe its application in the sugar industry, both in the laboratory and in the control of a vacuum pan.
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This paper presents an intelligent fiber-optic pyrometer and provides a new method to measure temperature. The signal transmission over long distance, the working principle of the temperature measurement and its correction, which combines software with hardware, are discussed. This new system has powerful functions, high sensitivity, strong anti-interference ability, multiple-point measurement, and display. This instrument can be used in the gas- making furnace and other fields of temperature measurement.
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The authors have designed a fiber-optic temperature probe system that can quickly insert its probe into bodies to measure temperature. Its thermometer unit has the function of program- controlled zeroing. The single-chip microcomputer is used to control the whole system and process data. The sample system has been tested in a coal furnace.
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A new fabric edge detecting-controlling system with an optical fiber sensor is introduced. Its principle, characteristics, structure, and practical application are analyzed and described.
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This paper mainly deals with a novel magneto-optical apparatus with a comparator for the measurement of large direct current. The measuring principle, the probe structure, as well as the experimental data are presented in detail with additional analysis of the apparatus's mathematic model. A long-running test shows that the apparatus, with its measuring range from 6000 angstroms to 16,000 angstroms and its measuring error less than 0.5%, possesses a fine temperature characteristic and long-period performance stability.
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The measuring system presented in this paper is capable of detecting the swing of spinning bobbins or other tube-shaped objects. It has two photoelectrical detection units and a microprocessor-based electrical signal processing unit. The study shows that the swing magnitude can be determined in terms of a simple equation containing the swing magnitudes of both spindle and bobbin and the angle included between the two swing magnitudes.
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A typical optical fiber system for image transmission consists of a light-source illuminating device, a pick-up camera system and a signal processing and output system. Since the pick-up cameras on the market vary greatly in both price and performance, in order to improve the whole system's ratio of performance to price, cameras must be chosen carefully in accordance with the application requirements. In this paper an image transmission system with CCLID (a charge-coupled line image device) is described. The system's resolution is as much as 5 micrometers X 5 micrometers . The results can be displayed on CRT and printed out. By applying this system, the automatic measurement and display of two-dimensional images is realized.
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This paper presents a novel fiber-coil polarimetric sensor using highly birefringent single-mode
fiber. A length of fiber is cut at its midpoint; one is rotated by 90 deg. around its axis and spliced
to the other. The resultant single fiber is folded at the spliced point and the paired fibers, made in
contact with each other along the length, are wound around a flexible cylinder. The coil deformation
turns into a change in bending-induced retardation. The retardation measurement is immune from
ambient temperature changes. The sensor performance is demonstrated with the sensitivity of the
coil deformation 3.2 [deg./mm.turn].
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A flowmeter has been developed on the basis of our earlier prototype, "A novel fibre optics
flowmeter"1. The new version has a greatly improved signal quality. It detects the flow direction,
which the previous version did not do. Compared with normal LDA systems, this flowmeter has
the advantages of high mobility, simple installation and low cost.
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The radiation-induced loss of short lengths (10 cm) of a lead-glass fiber is determined on-line during irradiation by Co-60 radiation as a function of time at different temperatures and dose rates. A phenomenological model describing the creation and relaxation of the color centers during and after irradiation allows an analytical function of time, temperature, and dose rate to be fitted with the experimental data. The measured values of a fiber-optic sensor using this function as a calibration curve show good agreement with the nominal value of the dose rate within the experimental accuracy.
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Over the last decade, the research and development of a fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) has made remarkable progress, and it is now recognized that this new technology will take the place of a traditional gyroscope during the 1990s. In fact, the flight test of this FOG was performed on February 22, 1990, aboard an S-520-11 rocket at ISAS's test facilities in Uchinoura, Japan. The flight test was successfully demonstrated. During the mission, the FOG rate sensor worked well and the expected performance of the FOG rate sensor was confirmed. This was the first experience for a rocket use of the FOG. This paper reviews the outlook of FOG during the 1990s based on the present status of FOG R&D.
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The self-oscillation phenomenon of silicon cantilever microresonators (SCMR) produced by the positive optical power feedback generated by the Fabry-Perot cavity formed between the end of an optical fiber and the surface of the SCMR has been observed. A detailed theoretical analysis has been presented to explain this very useful phenomenon for the development and applications of practical SCMR sensor structures. According to the experimental results obtained, a compact probe based on the self-oscillation phenomenon has been designed and demonstrated.
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Fluorescent detection of the microenvironmental changes in the regular structures of immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules after its interaction with antigen is announced for the development of optic immunosensors.
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Geometrical and stress-induced birefringence of polarization maintaining single-mode fibers with a layered periodically stepped core were studied. The propagation constants of TE and TM modes and resulting geometrical birefringence were computed for both planar and cylindrical layered structures. Maximal birefringence in the limit case of an infinite number of layers and infinite wavelength was evaluated analytically. The stress-induced birefringence for such structures was computed using the boundary element method.
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MetglasTM 2605 SC cast alloy was deposited directly onto single-mode optical fibers. Very thick amorphous films of 5 to 15 micrometers thickness were produced by triode-magnetron sputtering. The coated fibers were used as magnetic field sensing elements in one arm of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. In the reference arm a section of fiber was wound around a piezoelectric (PZT) cylinder which was driven by a feedback correction signal to keep the sensor operating at quadrature. The sensing element was placed inside a chamber containing Helmholtz coils which produced both a dc field and an ac dither field. The magnetostructure response of the coating and the resulting phase shift in the optical fiber are dependent upon both of these fields. The phase shifts were measured as a function of the magnitudes of the dc and ac fields and the frequency of the ac field. The magnetostrictive responses had maximum values at discrete resonance frequencies. Experimental values of the magnetostriction parameter were obtained using experimental values of the phase shifts along with theoretical calculations of the magnetostrictive response. These calculations were based on a model of coherent rotation of magnetization and also an elastic model of the magnetostrictive strains for a cylindrical geometry. The maximum values of the magnetostriction parameter for the coated- fiber FOMS at resonance was estimated to be 10-5/Oe2 in comparison with non-resonant values of 5X10-5/Oe2 and 1X10-6/Oe2 for amorphous metal wire transducers and Metglas strip transducers, respectively, and 5X10-6/Oe2 for resonant Metglas cylindrical transducers.
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A very compact and easily transportable optical-fiber sensor for the detection of reflux from the duodenum into the stomach has been developed. The working principle is based on the spectrophotometric properties of the bile, which is always present in the reflux. It makes use of two light-emitting diodes (for signal and reference, respectively) and of a special electronic circuit which processes the signals and provides the readout on a display. A suitable probe, specially finalized for in vivo measurements, was designed. Plastic fiber bundles are used in order to obtain the best solution in terms of signal levels and price. Measurements with the proposed sensor were performed on several patients. A comparison with the traditional indirect method, based on a change in acidity inside the stomach, showed the greater suitability of the optical sensor for detection of entero-gastric reflux.
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Evanescent interaction between an SM fiber of partially removed cladding and liquid film of large thickness (T > 200 micrometers and refractive index close to that of fiber core) overlaid on the etched portion is analyzed using coupled mode theory--modeling the liquid film as an equivalent multimode cylindrical waveguide acting as mode sink. A closed-form expression is derived for the loss coefficient of half and one-third coupler in the presence of liquid. Theoretical plots of attenuation of the half-coupler as a function of remaining cladding thickness (h) for different values of interaction length (Li) are shown and verified with experimental results using liquid film as well as liquid droplets. In the experiments, the refractive index of the liquids related to their concentration is varied from that of the fiber core to cladding. The attenuation was found to be independent of film thickness in the process of fabricating half or one-third coupler, due to the presence of abrasive particles suspended in the index matching liquid during polishing. Light stripped out from the fiber by the index matching oil is immediately scattered and absorbed by the particles in suspension, and the experimental loss calibration curves are found to be same when liquid film to large thickness is deposited on the polished fiber.
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A digital electronic system has been designed and implemented to be used in polarimetric optical fiber sensors. The system expands the dynamic range of these sensors by counting peaks of its periodic output. High accuracy can be achieved with relatively simple optics and analog electronics. In ac applications it uses a self-reference that compensates for optical power fluctuations.
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Phase-induced error in a simple frequency domain multiplexing system for optical point sensors is theoretically and experimentally investigated. It is demonstrated that sensor path lengths and source modulation frequencies must be carefully selected to minimize cross-talk errors. A simple design method is proposed in which the determinant of the operation matrix is maximized.
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A fiber-optic multiple sensor is presented which is addressed for application in the wiring of high-power electric generators. The simultaneous and independent measurement of temperature and vibration amplitude at 100 Hz is obtained by means of a single sensor. The probe is based on a fiber-optic proximity sensor which detects the light intensity modulation induced by an elastic transducer. The nonlinear region of the optical-head response is exploited, together with appropriate signal processing, so as to obtain intrinsically down-lead insensitive sensor-output.
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PZT:epoxy composites have been prepared in 0-3 connectivity mode for different weight ratios. A multimode optical fiber is embedded in the structure. The effect of temperature on these samples has been studied for unpoled and poled samples. The results obtained indicate that this can be used for sensing the structural integrity as a nondestructive method, and the sample containing 40% PZT is most suitable to be used as a temperature sensor.
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Novel fiber optic sensors comprising modans--diffractive optical elements matched to the modes--are described. Design, development, and creation of transmittance-type modans based on a variety of microrelief formation technologies including grey-level photoresists, bleaching, and microlithography are reported. The first experimental results of the pressure fiber sensor exploiting modans are presented. The axial-symmetric Gauss- Laguerre modes numbered (0,0), (1,0), (2,0) were excited by input modans and detected by output modans. The modal output power under the known input was being measured versus the fiber microbends induced by 0-150 micrometers displacements of the diaphragm. Sensitivity increase of the fiber sensor was achieved due to mode selection with computer-generated optical elements. The ability of multirange operation of the single sensor under the switching mode's number has been experimentally confirmed.
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A novel intrinsic optical fiber sensor for detection of acoustic emission (AE) has been designed, built, and tested. This sensor is intended for use in monitoring machine tool wear. An optical fiber is held between the transducer backing and the surface being probed. The coupling of AE waves through the fiber into the backing causes a phase change in the light transmitted by the fiber. This phase change is detected using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, locked in quadrature with a phase servo. Acoustic emission during cutting is conveyed to the sensing fiber on the machine bed via either the tool or workpiece. Sensing of AE may then yield information on the wear state of the tool.
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This paper reports how to choose the modulation frequencies of a time domain multiplexed optical fiber sensor network in order to obtain accurate measurement of the sensors' transmission factor. The signals are obtained by the interrogation method of distributed optical sensors with a multiplex of several modulation frequencies. Using simulation programs, the influence of the different system parameters was investigated. Shift invariance can be obtained with an IQ detector instead of the single real synchronous detector.
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A fiber-optic frequency shifter utilizing torsional acoustic waves to produce a travelling perturbation which couples the polarization modes of a linearly birefringent optical fiber is demonstrated. The shift in optical frequency was 3.195 MHz and an optical coupling efficiency of 6% was obtained with 780 mW of electrical power.
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A scheme is described in which a multimode laser diode, with effective coherence length less than 250 micrometers , is used to illuminate sensors multiplexed in time and with their status read by coherence sensing. Data is presented which shows that the spectral characteristics of the laser light remain essentially unchanged upon direct modulation of the laser injection current or while subject to laser feedback. This has allowed the multiplexing scheme network to be implemented without recourse to either a Bragg cell modulator or an optical isolator. The technique was applied to measure displacement and temperature.
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An integrated approach to precision 3-D position measurement using an array of optical fibers is described. The mathematical model based on the calculation of 3-D light intensity distribution has been developed to analyze the performance of the sensor. The theoretical analyses have shown the existence of a unique solution in the presence of a certain defined noise level. The experimental results have confirmed the theoretical analysis and have indicated that a lateral resolution of 0.1 micrometers and a depth resolution of 1 micrometers is achievable. The sensor will find applications in 3-D position sensing on coordinate measuring machines, machine tools, robots, and other related areas.
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This paper presents recent topics on special optical fibers for sensors, especially polarization- maintaining fibers, and also presents some special optical fiber based components for sensors.
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Electric current sensing using Faraday coupling in a highly birefringent optical fiber is reported. The sensor is potentially less susceptible to environmental perturbations, such as vibration and stress, than conventional optical-fiber sensors. The performance of the sensor using a laser diode as the source and when the fiber is subjected to a distributed load is reported.
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The slow rotational diffusion of macromolecules has been investigated by measuring the decay of dichroism in laser-pulse induced transient emissions for triplet probes bound to the molecules. A comparison of the anisotropy parameters of phosphorescence and delayed fluorescence from eosin-bound bovine serum albumin (BSA) is described. The results indicate that the measurement of delayed fluorescence is often the preferable option for investigating the rotational diffusion of the macromolecules.
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Fiber-optic sensors C FOS) are wi. del y used for rioncontact measurements due to their simplicity, small size, insensitivity to
I nfl uence of el ectromagneti C fiel ds , hi gh metrol ogi cal characteristics, etc. The operation principle of FOS with intensity
modul ati on techni que I s based on the photodetector regi strati on of
1ight , reflected from the control 1 ed surface E I ) . The i ntensi ty of
detected 1 1 ght depends on th FOS' s di stance from the control 1 ed
surface, its form and inclination to sensor's axis, FOS shift speed,
etc. So they can be consider multipurpose.
We are devel opi ng FOS wi th i ntensi ty modul ati on techni que wi th
traight tips as well as with sloped tips. In FOS with sloped tips the
light ring spot is appearing on the controlled surface due to the
effect of symmetry. We use thi s phenomena to empl oy refl ected 1 i ght
more efficiently and to increase the FOS characteristics.
Tak i ng I nto account the fact that pr obl ems of cal cul aWl on of
fibers with sloped tip were not analyzed in details earlier-, in
particular, only the case of light distribution of parallel beams
runni ng was consi dered E 2) we wi I 1 conduct a consi stent cal cul ati on
of bounds of i rradi ance fi ci d , created by a fi ber wi th sl oped tip,
esti mate I i ght di stri buti on I n a 1 1 ght spot , and determi. ne
characteristics of the FOS with sloped tip.
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Fiber-optic sensor, based on the principle of reversible changes
in absorption spectrum of dye-film, containing pH-dye, entrapped in a
polymer matrix, has been developed for use in sensing of ammonia
vapors of variable temperature. Differences of absorption spectra of
pH-dye in water solution and in polymer matrix are investigated. The
design of the sensor is presented and experimental results are
discussed.
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