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A broadened interest in diffractive optics has gained momentum over the last years.
The application of diffractive components offer high flexibility to shape the spatial
distribution of an electromagnetic wave. Fabrication techniques of diffractive optical
elements have been developed which are based on e-beam lithography, ion-exchange
methods and embossing procedures.
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Frank Wyrowski, "Considerations on the efficiency of diffractive optical elements," Proc. SPIE 1319, Optics in Complex Systems, (1 July 1990); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.34895