This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 9225, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction (if any), and Conference Committee listing.

In this proceeding we discuss as quantum correlations can enhance measurements capabilities [1,2,3,6], discussing few examples as target detection in a noisy environment and holometer. The first [2] is a quantum enhanced scheme preserving a strong advantage over classical counterparts even in presence of large amount of noise and losses. Our work, inspired by [3], has been performed exploiting only photon number correlations in twin beams. Thus, for its simplicity it can find widespread use. Even more important by challenging the common believe that real application of quantum technologies is limited by fragility to noise and losses, it paves the way to their real application. Then, we describe as the same kind of correlations can find application in a completely different area of physics, i.e. in testing quantum gravity. Indeed, recently, effects in interferometers connected to noncommutativity of position variables in different directions were considered in two coupled interferometers [5], the ``holometer'' [6]. We show that the use of quantum correlated light beams could lead to significant improvements.

We experimentally demonstrate quantum imaging where the images are stored in both space and time. Quantum images of remote objects are produced with either one or two beams of chaotic laser light and two sensors measuring the reference field and bucket field at different space-time points. Chaotic laser light is produced by laser light passing through rotating ground glass. Experiments were performed in both turbulent and nonturbulent conditions. Interestingly, quantum images are produced using the two sensors of quantum imaging when both single and double beams are implemented in the experimental setup. Also, we observed that the quantum images move depending on the time delay between the sensor measurements. The experiments provide a new testbed for exploring the time and space scale fundamental physics of quantum imaging and suggest new pathways for quantum information storage and processing. The research is applicable to making ghost imaging movies of moving objects and implementation of space-time imaging for enhanced imaging.

In this paper, we present experimental results concerning the reduction effect of the accumulated number of computational ghost imaging (CGI) under different light intensities. By using circulatory illumination pattern, the CGI is possible to directly reduce the accumulated number. In addition, for improvement of the spatial resolution of CGI, the illumination pattern scale is reduced illumination to the object by applying microscopic illumination system. Thereby, the propose method can be achieved high spatial resolution imaging that permitted image of microscopic object. Moreover, the proposed method provided image of the biological cell by fluorescence signal detection. As a result, we demonstrated the potential of CGI for applying measurements field of the cell biology.

Non-separable superpositions of polarization and spatial mode of a single photon produce a state that has a polarization that depends on the transverse position, and contains all states of polarization represented on the Poincaré sphere. We have done measurements of the space-dependent state of polarization of single photons prepared in distinct 2×2 (qubit-qubit) and 2×3 (qubit-qutrit) non-separable superpositions of Laguerre-Gauss spatial and polarization states. Detection was done by polarimetry of the light projected at distinct locations in the transverse plane. The polarization patterns had a C-point polarization singularity (lemon, star or monstar) at the center of the transverse wavefunction.

We present a quantum repeater architecture using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) diamond based quantum information devices. The NV-diamond based device consists of a single negatively charged NV (NV^-) center and an optical cavity. The electron of the NV center is an interface to light to be used to distribute long-distance entanglement as well as entanglement bonds for cluster state operation at each nodes. The nuclear spin-1=2 of nitrogen 15 can be used as memory. Based on this device, A scheme with as small as 10 devices to a scalable architecture is constructed, showing the necessary node technology as well as the performance such quantum communication systems.

The notion of the deliberate error randomization (DER) for the Y-00 quantum stream cipher was introduced by Yuen [arXiv:quant-ph/0311061v6], and concrete schemes of DER were proposed by the author for the phase shift keying Y-00 quantum stream cipher (PSK-Y00) [Proc. SPIE 6305, 630508 (2006)]. In this paper, it is shown that one of our DER schemes, which was referred to as Model B in the literature, is applicable to the intensity shift keying Y-00 quantum stream cipher (ISK-Y00) and the brute-force search complexity Q in the case of ISK-Y00 is enhanced by installing DER as well as in the case of PSK-Y00.

The unobservable elements in a quantum technology, e.g., the quantum state, complicate system verification against promised behavior. Using model-based system engineering, we present methods for verifying the operation of a prototypical quantum random number generator. We begin with the algorithmic design of the QRNG followed by the synthesis of its physical design requirements. We next discuss how quantum statistical testing can be used to verify device behavior as well as detect device bias. We conclude by highlighting how system design and verification methods must influence effort to certify future quantum technologies.

We present a technique to store and retrieve single- and two-qubit states into a parity-protected quantum memory implemented on a state-of-the-art superconducting circuit architecture. Our proposal relies upon a specific superconducting circuit design that permits a tunable qubit-resonator coupling strength. The latter allows us to adiabatically tune from the weak coupling to the ultrastrong coupling regime of light-matter interaction, where a controllable and well-protected effective two-level system is defined due to the Z₂ parity symmetry. Storage and retrieval time of the qubit are in a few nanoseconds timescale, which is far below the effective qubit coherence time.

Considering the quantum state produced in type I spontaneous parametric down-conversion with collinear, degenerate signal and idler beams, and a Gaussian pump, we show that the azimuthal Schmidt number in the Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) basis increases when the radial indices of the LG modes detected in the signal and idler beams are different. These observations are confirmed by the good agreement between theoretical and experimental results. The theoretical results are obtained by deriving expressions for the probability amplitude to detect LG modes with any combination of azimuthal and radial indices in a down-converted photonic quantum state.

We present the pipe-lined design of a quantum communications network that neither requires the establishment of entanglement between remote locations nor the use of quantum memories. It can be shown that the rate at which quantum data can be transmitted through the network is only limited by the time required to perform efficient local gate operations. This packet switched scheme therefore has the potential to provide higher communications rates than previously thought possible.

In the field of quantum communication the teleportation1 of single quanta plays a fundamental role in numerous quantum information-processing protocols. Quantum teleportation allows to faithfully transfer unknown quantum states over arbitrary distances and constitutes a method to circumvent the no-cloning theorem². Even formally completely independent particles can become entangled via the process of entanglement swapping³. In a future quantum communication network4 this will be of utmost importance, enabling quantum computers to become globally interconnected. In order to prove the feasibility of quantum teleportation under optical link attenuations that will arise in a future space-application scenario, we extended the communication distance to 143 km, employing an optical free-space link between the two Canary Islands of La Palma and Tenerife. This work proofs the feasibility of ground-based freespace quantum teleportation. With our setup we were able to achieve coincidence production rates and fidelities to cope with the optical link attenuation, resulting from various experimental and technical challenges, which will arise in a quantum transmission between a ground-based transmitter and a low-earth-orbiting satellite receiver⁵. In our experiment we gained an average state fidelity for the teleported quantum states of more than 6 standard deviations beyond the classical limit of 2/3 and a process fidelity of 0.710(42). We expect that many of the features implemented in this experiment will be key blocks for future investigations.

A major problem with conventional QKD techniques is the raw key transmission rate which for acceptable level of security is generally low. One way to overcome this problem is to create either directly or indirectly a number of parallel QKD transmission channels thus achieving a rate multiplicity equal to the number of parallel channels. This paper explores how a number of parallel Discrete Memoryless Channels (DMCs) can be created from imaging twin beams from a Parametric Down Conversion (PDC) process and examines the performance of FEC coding for information reconciliation over the resulting parallel channels. Twin beams exhibit quantum correlations that has been effectively used as a tool for many applications including calibration of single photon detectors. By now, detection of multimode spatial correlations is a mature field and in principle, only depends on the transmission and detection efficiency of the devices and the channel. In,^1–3 the authors utilized their know-how on almost perfect selection of modes of pairwise correlated entangled beams and the optimization of the noise reduction to below the shot-noise level, for absolute calibration of Charge Coupled Device (CCD) cameras. The same basic principle is currently being considered by the same authors for possible use in Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). The main advantage in such an approach would be the ability to work with much higher photon fluxes than that of a single photon regime that is theoretically required for discrete variable QKD applications (in practice, very weak laser pulses with mean photon count below one are used), and the fact that the QKD data rate is increased significantly since multiple equivalent parallel channels result from quantization of symmetric regions into super-pixels. The natural setup of quantization of CCD detection area and subsequent measurement of the correlation statistic needed to detect the presence of the eavesdropper Eve, leads to a number of parallel QKD channel models each one of which is a Discrete Memoryless Channel (DMC) with a number of inputs and outputs that can be more than two (i.e., each parallel channel is a Multilevel DMC). This paper investigates the use of Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes for information reconciliation on the effective parallel channels associated with the multi-level DMCs. The performance of such codes are shown to be close to the theoretical limits.

To guarantee a security of Cloud Computing System is urgent problem. Although there are several threats in a security problem, the most serious problem is cyber attack against an optical fiber transmission among data centers. In such a network, an encryption scheme on Layer 1(physical layer) with an ultimately strong security, a small delay, and a very high speed should be employed, because a basic optical link is operated at 10 Gbit/sec/wavelength. We have developed a quantum noise randomied stream cipher so called Yuen- 2000 encryption scheme (Y-00) during a decade. This type of cipher is a completely new type random cipher in which ciphertext for a legitimate receiver and eavesdropper are different. This is a condition to break the Shannon limit in theory of cryptography. In addition, this scheme has a good balance on a security, a speed and a cost performance. To realize such an encryption, several modulation methods are candidates such as phase-modulation, intensity-modulation, quadrature amplitude modulation, and so on. Northwestern university group demonstrated a phase modulation system (α=η) in 2003. In 2005, we reported a demonstration of 1 Gbit/sec system based on intensity modulation scheme(ISK-Y00), and gave a design method for quadratic amplitude modulation (QAM-Y00) in 2005 and 2010. An intensity modulation scheme promises a real application to a secure fiber communication of current data centers. This paper presents a progress in quantum noise randomized stream cipher based on ISK-Y00, integrating our theoretical and experimental achievements in the past and recent 100 Gbit/sec(10Gbit/sec × 10 wavelengths) experiment.

This article reports on a polarized entangled photon source which could provide timing information with sub-10 femtosecond precision. This high precision would confirm the accurate synchronization of two events. Hence, this new source for orthogonally polarized entangled photon pairs would be useful for quantum communications and quantum networking.

Both of the qualitative and quantitative knowledge of electromagnetic fields in the inter-atomic scale bring useful applications. From this point of view, bringing some possible new sights and solutions to atom-electron-photon-atom and/or molecule interactions is aimed in the near-field at inter atomic scale and their potential applications. The electron sharing processes between neighbor atoms are considered as an inflective surface system and an inflective guiding processes. The critical pass and transition structures are derived. The structures involving trigging that transition mechanisms may be suitable to design extra high density and fast data storage processes. The electron sharing processes between two near atomic system are modelled with gate mechanisms involving two distinct passages: continuous pass and discontinuous pass. Even if the stochastic processes are applicable at these cases theoretical approach putting an influence like inner and external dipole mechanisms fits best to the situation and provides almost deterministic scheme, which has potential to estimate some processes being able to design new electronics structures and devices. We call orbitron all of such structures and/or devices. The boundary value problem of atomic system sharing an electron in the way of electron passage model is formulated in inflective spherical coordinate system. The wave phenomenon is studied near spherically inflection points. The analytical essentials are derived for the solution of Helmholtz’s equation when inflective boundaries are included. The evaluation is obtained by the extracted separation method. The results are given by using the spherically inflective wave series. The method is reshaped for the solution of Schrödinger equation.

Previously, we had proposed the technique of light shift imbalance induced blockade which leads to a condition where a collection of non-interacting atoms under laser excitation remains combined to a superposition of the ground and the fist excited states, thus realizing a collective state quantum bit which in turn can be used to realize a quantum computer. In this paper, we show first that the light shift imbalance by itself is actually not enough to produce such a blockade, and explain the reason by the limitation of our previous analysis had reached this constraint. We then show that by introducing Rydberg interaction, it is possible to achieve such a blockade for a wide range of parameters. Analytic arguments used to establish these results are confirmed by numerical simulations. The fidelity of coupled quantum gates based on such collective state qubits is highly insensitive to the exact number of atoms in the ensemble. As such, this approach may prove be viable for scalable quantum computing based on neutral atoms.